Infant laboratory abnormalities have been associated with exposure to antiretrovirals and to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX).We analyzed data from International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Group (IMPAACT) Protocol P1025, a prospective cohort study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-infected women and their infants. Live-born, singleton, HIV-uninfected infants with at least 6 months of follow-up who represented the first pregnancy on study of HIV-infected mothers with at least 1 prenatal visit, CD4 count, and viral load during pregnancy and who used at least 1 antiretroviral during pregnancy were eligible for inclusion in this analysis.The study population comprised 1524 infants. During the first 6 months of life, 7.4% of laboratory serious adverse events (SAEs) were related to glucose, 7.2% were related to hemoglobin, 8.7% were related to absolute neutrophil count, and 4.0% were related to total lymphocyte count. The likelihood of laboratory SAEs decreased with increasing age for hemoglobin, absolute neutrophil count, and glucose. Infant preterm birth and current receipt of antiretroviral(s) were the factors with the strongest associations with laboratory SAEs.The overall frequency of laboratory SAEs was low and decreased with age. Preterm infants are at higher risk of hemoglobin- and total lymphocyte count-related SAEs.

Aqueous solutions of four pharmaceutical compounds, belonging to the group of emergent contaminants of water: atenolol (ATL), hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), ofloxacin (OFX) and trimethoprim (TMP), have been treated with different oxidation systems, mainly, photocatalytic oxidation, ozonation and photocatalytic ozonation. TiO2 has been used as semiconductor for photocatalytic reactions both in the presence of air, oxygen or ozone-oxygen gas mixtures. Black light lamps mainly emitting at 365 nm were the source of radiation. In all cases, the influence of some variables (concentrations of semiconductor, ozone gas and pharmaceuticals and pH) on the removal of pharmaceuticals, total polyphenol content (TPC) and total organic carbon (TOC) was investigated. A discussion on the possible routes of pharmaceutical and intermediates (as TPC and TOC) elimination has been developed. Thus, OFX TiO2/UVA degradation mechanism seems to develop through the participation of non-hydroxyl free radical species. Furthermore, the presence of OFX inhibits the formation of hydroxyl radicals in the photocatalytic process. The most effective processes were those involving ozone that lead to complete disappearance of parent compounds in less than 30 min for initial pharmaceutical concentrations lower than 2.5 mg L(-1). In the ozonation systems, regardless of the pH and the presence of TiO2, pharmaceuticals are degraded through their direct reaction with ozone. Photocatalytic ozonation was the most efficient process for TPC and TOC removals (≥ 80% and ≥60% elimination after 2 h of treatment, respectively) as well as in terms of the ozone consumption efficiency (1, 5.5 and 4 mol of ozone consumed per mol of TOC mineralized, at pH 4, 7 and 9, respectively). Weakly acid conditions (pH 4) resulted to be the most convenient ones for TPC and TOC removal by photocatalytic ozonation. This was likely due to formation of hydroxyl radicals through the ozonide generated at these conditions.

Headspace gas composition and bicarbonate concentrations in media can affect methane production and other characteristics of rumen fermentation in in vitro gas production systems, but these 2 important factors have not been evaluated systematically. In this study, these 2 factors were investigated with respect to gas and methane production, in vitro digestibility of feed substrate, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile using in vitro gas production techniques. Three headspace gas compositions (N2 + CO2 + H2 in the ratio of 90:5:5, CO2, and N2) with 2 substrate types (alfalfa hay only, and alfalfa hay and a concentrate mixture in a 50:50 ratio) in a 3 × 2 factorial design (experiment 1) and 3 headspace compositions (N2, N2 + CO2 in a 50:50 ratio, and CO2) with 3 bicarbonate concentrations (80, 100, and 120 mM) in a 3 × 3 factorial design (experiment 2) were evaluated. In experiment 1, total gas production (TGP) and net gas production (NGP) was the lowest for CO2, followed by N2, and then the gas mixture. Methane concentration in headspace gas after fermentation was greater for CO2 than for N2 and the gas mixture, whereas total methane production (TMP) and net methane production (NMP) were the greatest for CO2, followed by the gas mixture, and then N2. Headspace composition did not affect in vitro digestibility or the VFA profile, except molar percentages of propionate, which were greater for CO2 and N2 than for the gas mixture. Methane concentration in headspace gas, TGP, and NGP were affected by the interaction of headspace gas composition and substrate type. In experiment 2, increasing concentrations of CO2 in the headspace decreased TGP and NGP quadratically, but increased the concentrations of methane, NMP, and in vitro fiber digestibility linearly, and TMP quadratically. Fiber digestibility, TGP, and NGP increased linearly with increasing bicarbonate concentrations in the medium. Concentrations of methane and NMP were unaffected by bicarbonate concentration, but TMP tended to increase due to increasing bicarbonate concentration. Although total VFA concentration and molar percentage of butyrate were unchanged, the molar percentage of acetate, and acetate-to-propionate ratio decreased, whereas the molar percentage of propionate increased quadratically with increasing bicarbonate concentration. This study demonstrated for the first time that headspace composition, especially CO2 content, and bicarbonate concentration in media could significantly influence gas and methane production, and rumen fermentation in gas production techniques.

  Japanese patients with normal renal function were retrospectively analyzed to characterize increases in serum creatinine (SCr) observed following the use of a sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) combination product and identify factors affecting these increases. In the patients studied (n=49), an individual comparison was conducted for the three factors of age group [≤74 years (n=21) vs. ≥75 years (n=28)], sex [male (n=24) vs. female (n=25)], and total dose throughout the treatment period [≤7 g (n=24) vs. ≥8 g (n=25)] to determine the extent of SCr increase following SMX-TMP combination product use. SCr increased significantly following SMX-TMP combination product use in patients ≤74 years of age and ≥75 years of age, in both males and females, and in patients with a total dose of ≥8 g (8 to 96 g) (p<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independence of these factors. Total dose was identified as an independent factor and had an odds ratio of 6.571 [95% confidence interval=1.735-24.882, p=0.006]. Post-treatment percent increases in SCr were compared using pre-treatment levels as the baseline. The group with a total dose of ≥8 g (mean 29.8 g) had a significant SCr increase of 18.4% (p=0.002), while the increase in the ≤7 g (mean 5.3 g) group was only 4.5%. The data showed that SCr increased by about 20% when the total dose taken over the treatment period was around 30 g (about 2.4 g as TMP) and indicated that total dose contributes more than age and sex to the post-treatment increase in SCr.

New fullerene salts (TMP(+))2·(C60(2-))·(C6H4Cl2)2 (), {DB-18-crown-6·[Na(+)]·(C6H5CN)2}2·(C60(2-))·C6H5CN·C6H4Cl2 (), {cryptand[2,2,2]·(Na(+))}2·(C60(2-)) () and (PPN(+))2·(C60(2-))·(C6H4Cl2)2 () were obtained as single crystals. Their crystal structures were solved and their optical and magnetic properties were analyzed. The spectra of the salts in the IR and UV-visible-NIR ranges indicate the formation of C60(2-) dianions in . These salts show similar behavior in EPR measurements, explained by the diamagnetic ground state of the C60(2-) dianions and the thermal population of the excited triplet state, which is separated by an energy gap of 487-540 cm(-1). The magnetic susceptibility of also increased above 130 K due to the population of the excited triplet state. The observed splitting of the C60 LUMO is attributed to the Jahn-Teller (JT) effect. We analyzed the splitting by an extended Hückel method using the single-crystal structural data for the compounds containing neutral, mono- and dianions of C60. The splitting of the initially triply degenerated C60 LUMO produces three molecular orbitals. The gap between the lowest and highest orbitals is very small in neutral C60 (128-140 cm(-1)), it increases in C60˙(-) (500-710 cm(-1)) and increases further in C60(2-) (1080-1670 cm(-1)). It was found that the splitting of the C60 LUMO is realized in different ways for the mono- and dianions. The ground and first excited state are separated in C60˙(-) by a small gap of 55-180 cm(-1) only. This gap is noticeably larger in the C60(2-) dianions and falls into the 760-1390 cm(-1) range.

Dysfunction of the coronary microcirculation is considered as one of the factors responsible for symptoms and abnormal stress tests in patients with angina and normal coronaries (syndrome X). We sought to evaluate the usefulness of coronary sinus filling time (CSFT) to assess coronary microcirculation in this group of patients.We compared the CSFT of patients having definite angina or atypical angina with positive treadmill electrocardiography test (angina group), with that of patients undergoing coronary angiogram (CAG) prior to balloon mitral valvuloplasty (control group). During CAG, coronary sinus was visualized in appropriate views and CSFT in seconds was derived from frame count. Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade, corrected TIMI (cTIMI) frame count, TIMI Myocardial Perfusion grade (TMP) were assessed.There were 41 patients in angina group and 16 in control group. Among the angina group 68.8% were females as against 81.8% in the control group. 87.8% (n = 36) had typical angina. Mean CSFT was 4.25 ± 0.72 s and 3.46 ± 0.99 s in the angina group and control group respectively (p = 0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups with respect to TMP (p = 0.68) & cTIMI frame count (p = 0.22).CSFT is a simple method to assess the transit time through coronary microcirculation. CSFT was significantly delayed in patients with angina and normal coronaries. TMP and cTIMI frame count were not significantly different between groups.

Photoreduction of 7H-benzo[e]perimidin-7-ona (3-AOIA, A1) and its 2-methyl derivative (2-Me-3-AOIA, A2) by non-hydrogen-donating amines (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO); 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP)), and a hydrogen-donating amine (triethylamine (TEA)), has been studied in deaerated neat acetonitrile solutions using laser flash photolysis and steady-state photolysis. The triplet excited states of A1 and A2 were characterized by a strong absorption band with λmax = 440 nm and lifetimes of 20 and 27 μs, respectively. In the presence of tertiary amines, both triplet excited states were quenched with rate constants close to the diffusional limit (kq ranged between 10(9) - 10(10) M(-1) s(-1) ). The transient absorption spectra observed after quenching with DABCO and TMP were characterized by maxima located at 460 nm, and broad shoulders in the range of 500-600 nm. These transient species are attributed to solvent separated radical ion pairs and/or to isolated radical anions. In the presence of TEA, these transients undergo proton transfer, leading to the neutral-hydrogenated radicals, protonated over the N1- and O-atoms. Transient absorption spectra of these transients were characterized by maxima located at 400 and 520 nm, and 430 nm, respectively. Additional support for these spectral assignments was provided by pulse radiolysis experiments in acetonitrile and 2-propanol solutions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Aim:

Enamel demineralization is considered to be the most prevalent and significant iatrogenic effect associated with fixed orthodontic treatment and can seriously jeopardize both tooth longevity and dental esthetics. This in vitro study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of four different commercially available surface treatment medicaments for the inhibition of enamel demineralization.

Methods:

Seventy-five intact maxillary premolars extracted from patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were divided into five equal groups and were subjected to one of the following protocols: no treatment (control group) or treatment with one of the following four medicaments: fluoride varnish (Fluor Protector [FP]), casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (GC Tooth Mousse [TM]), calcium sodium phosphosilicate (SHY-NM), and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (GC Tooth Mousse Plus [TMP]). All the teeth were subjected to ten Cate demineralization solution?for 96 hours and subsequently evaluated under polarized light microscopy to obtain the mean depths of enamel demineralization. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni comparison tests were used to obtain statistically significant differences between the five different groups at P < .05.

Results:

All four surface treatment medicaments provided statistically significant reduction in the depths of enamel demineralization as compared with the control group. FP provided the greatest protection of enamel surface in terms of reduction of lesion depth, followed by TMP, SHY-NM, and TM.

Conclusions:

The use of these commercially available medicaments could prove to be beneficial for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment and who are at a risk for developing enamel decalcification.

Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been used to treat ischemic stroke. However, scientific evidence related to its effectiveness or precise modes of neuroprotective action is largely unclear. This study provides evidence of an alternative target for TMP and sheds light on the mechanism of its physiological benefits. We report a global inhibitory effect of TMP on intracerebral cellular inflammatory response in a rat model of permanent cerebral ischemia. TMP exhibited a neuroprotective effect against ischemic deficits by reduction of behavioral disturbance, brain infarction, and edema. The results of immunohistochemistry, enzymatic assay, Western blot, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and flow cytometric analysis revealed that TMP reduced the percentages of activated macrophages/microglia and infiltrative lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression after cerebral ischemia. In parallel with these immunosuppressive phenomena, TMP also attenuated the activities of ischemia-induced inflammation-associated signaling molecules and transcription factors. Another finding in this study was that the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of TMP were accompanied by a further elevated expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in ipsilateral neurons and macrophages/microglia after cerebral ischemia. Taken together, our results suggest that both the promotion of endogenous defense capacity and the attenuation of the extent and composition percentage of the major cellular inflammatory responses via targeting of macrophages/microglia by elevating Nrf2/HO-1 expression might actively contribute to TMP-mediated neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia.

A direct, precise, and stability-indicating HPLC method that is based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with a photodiode array detector (PDA) was developed, optimized, and validated for the simultaneous determination of sulfadiazine sodium (SDZS) and Trimethoprim (TMP) in Bactizine® forte injectable solution. The separation was achieved using a C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size) at room temperature, and an isocratic mobile phase that consisted of a trinary solvent mixture of water-acetonitrile-triethylamine (838:160:2, v/v) at pH 5.5 ± 0.05. The mobile phase was delivered at 1.4 ml/min and the analytes were monitored at 254 nm. The effects of the operational chromatographic conditions on the peak's USP tailing factor, column efficiency, and resolution were systematically optimized. Forced degradation experiments were carried out by exposing SDZS, TMP standards, and their formulation to thermal, photolytic, oxidative, and acid-base hydrolytic stress conditions. The method was successfully validated in accordance to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and United States Pharmacopoeia (USP34/NF29) guidelines and found to be suitable for the quantitative determination and stability of SDZS and TMP in Bactizine® forte injectable solution.