Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen of the global cattle industry. Fetal infection during the period of immunotolerance may result in the birth of persistently infected (PI) animals. In such animals, the emergence of or superinfection with cytopathic variants may trigger mucosal disease (MD). The objective of this study was to characterize the anatomopathological and virological aspects of two cases of MD. Animal 1, a 24-month-old presented with diarrhea, weight loss, lameness, sialorrhea, and oral and cutaneous lesions. Animal 2, a four-month-old, exhibited weight loss, intermittent diarrhea, and dehydration. Both animals were submitted to necropsy, and tissue samples from all organs were collected for histopathological evaluation. For BVDV detection, serum samples were subjected to RT-PCR and amplified products were submitted to Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Liver and spleen fragments were used for viral isolation in MDBK cell cultures. Immunohistochemistry using the panpestiviral monoclonal antibody 15C5 was performed to detect BVDV antigen. Anatomopathological examination of Animal 1 revealed ulcerative glossitis, erosive stomatitis, erosive and ulcerative esophagitis as well as erosive and ulcerative rumenitis, erosive abomasitis, and ulcerative and crusting dermatitis affecting the nasal planum and the distal limb region. In Animal 2, ulcerative rumenitis, erosive abomasitis, and lymphoid depletion in the ileal Peyer's patches were observed. Both animals were positive for BVDV in immunohistochemistry and classified as BVDV-1e and BVDV-1b based on phylogenetic analysis. Viral isolates from both cases induced cytopathic effect between 48 and 96 h post-inoculation. This study demonstrates distinct lesion patterns in unrelated cases of MD associated with BVDV-1e and BVDV-1b in cattle, constitutes the first report of typical MD associated with these subgenotypes in Brazil.

Desquamative gingivitis (DG) is a clinical sign characterized by gingival erythema, epithelial desquamation, and erosion rather than a discrete diagnosis. It most commonly reflects underlying oral lichen planus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, or pemphigus vulgaris. As affected patients typically present to general dental practitioners, timely recognition and structured triage are essential for effective management. However, diagnostic delays remain common and can extend the management period by several months. This narrative review synthesizes the current evidence on the clinical presentation, epidemiology, etiology, differential diagnosis, diagnostic workup, and management pathways relevant to general dentistry for this condition. Key findings indicate that a staged clinical history and examination can substantially narrow the differential diagnosis prior to biopsy, that histopathology combined with direct immunofluorescence offers superior diagnostic yield compared with histopathology alone, and that biopsy technique and site selection, favoring perilesional or uninvolved tissue and atraumatic sampling methods, meaningfully affect the diagnostic accuracy. Chronic ulcerative stomatitis and lichen planus pemphigoides are important but frequently overlooked mimics of more common causes. While disease-specific pharmacotherapy generally requires specialist oversight, professional oral hygiene reinforcement and gentle periodontal care delivered by general dental practitioners produce consistent, evidence-supported improvements in pain and lesion activity across all underlying diagnoses. A structured, practical approach to recognition, biopsy planning, and prompt referral can shorten the diagnostic pathway and improve long-term outcomes in patients with this challenging clinical condition.

Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) are a significant disease burden in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, large-scale epidemiological data from the Chinese population remain scarce. This nationwide, multicenter, retrospective cross-sectional study included 2,252 adult IBD inpatients from 10 clinical centers. Data on demographics, clinical features, and EIMs were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Of the 2252 patients, 384 (17.1%) reported at least one EIM. Among these, data on temporal sequence were available for 310 patients, of whom 70 (22.6%) developed their first EIM before the onset of intestinal symptoms. The overall prevalence of EIMs was significantly higher in Crohn's disease (CD) than in ulcerative colitis (UC) (20.5% vs. 15.4%, P = 0.003). Joint manifestations (10.0%) and aphthous ulcers (5.5%) were most common, with aphthous ulcers significantly more frequent in CD (11.2% vs. 2.8%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of classic EIMs such as arthritis/arthralgia (8.0%), uveitis (0.5%), and erythema nodosum (0.9%) fell within the low-to-mid range of global reports. Significant co-occurrence was observed among EIMs. For example, arthritis/arthralgia showed strong associations with uveitis (OR = 31.88) and erythema nodosum (OR = 13.34). Analysis of medication history revealed higher use of infliximab in patients with arthritis/arthralgia (47.0%) and pyoderma gangrenosum (71.4%), and frequent glucocorticoid use in those with venous thromboembolism (72.4%). In this inpatient-based cohort, the lower prevalence of classic EIMs in Chinese IBD patients may reflect clinical underdetection or genuine epidemiological differences. EIMs can precede intestinal symptoms and influence each other, underscoring the need for proactive, systematic assessment in clinical practice.

Necrotizing periodontal disease encompasses a range of conditions marked by necrosis and ulceration. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is a unique type of periodontal disease that starts quickly and severely. It is caused by a number of risk factors, including stress, poor nutrition, conditions that weaken the immune system, and bad oral hygiene. The 2017 classification has redefined this condition as "necrotizing gingivitis (NG)," which clinically presents as a generalized lesion primarily in the anterior mandible, characterized by inflamed interdental papillae, gingival bleeding, necrosis, and often accompanied by pain. Recently, NG is deemed infrequent owing to the availability of diverse oral hygiene agents, potentially resulting in misdiagnosis as alternative infectious lesions. A comprehensive understanding of the disease is essential for precise diagnosis and effective treatment planning. This case illustrates a distinctive manifestation of NG in a healthy young girl who experienced this uncommon occurrence. A precise diagnostic method accompanied by a range of conservative treatment options has been provided.

Background/Objectives: Oral manifestations are recognized extra-intestinal features of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, their prevalence and clinical relevance remain controversial. This study aims to quantify the prevalence of individual oral outcomes in IBD patients and to evaluate their association with the disease compared with healthy controls. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies were identified through searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, and EMBASE. Studies reporting oral signs and symptoms in IBD patients were included. A single-arm meta-analysis was performed for oral ulcerations, dry mouth, halitosis, tongue alterations, oral aphthae, stomatitis, and taste changes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Twenty-one studies including 7791 participants (5914 IBD patients and 1877 controls) were analyzed. The pooled prevalence of oral ulcerations was 20% (95%CI11-33), dry mouth 32% (95%CI14-59), halitosis 22% (95%CI7-51), and tongue alterations 11% (95%CI4-24). Comparative analyses showed no statistically significant differences between IBD patients and controls for these outcomes. Conclusions: Although oral manifestations are frequently reported in IBD patients, their prevalence does not significantly differ from that of the general population. Standardized, multicenter studies are required to clarify disease-specific associations.