Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem. Most international guidelines recommend targeted testing of individuals at high risk rather than population-wide screening. In Japan, urinalysis is embedded in health examination systems across the life course. However, the existence of repeated urinalysis opportunities has not necessarily meant that these programs functioned as a coherent CKD screening pathway. Repeated urinalyses were introduced under different legal mandates and for different public health purposes, with substantial variation in target conditions, test components, and follow-up arrangements. In this context, the 2025 policy decision to add serum creatinine to workplace-based health examinations, following sustained advocacy by the Japanese Society of Nephrology and growing recognition of non-proteinuric CKD, marks an important policy turning point. This review provides an overview of Japan's current health examination systems from the perspective of CKD screening throughout the life course. Specifically, this review describes the 3-year-old health examination, school urinary screening, workplace-based health examinations, the Specific Health Checkup, and late-stage elderly medical examinations by focusing on their institutional basis, structure, follow-up pathways, and current limitations. Taken together, Japan's health examination systems provide repeated urinalyses; however, these opportunities do not automatically amount to a coherent CKD screening strategy. This overview highlights the need to clarify target conditions, downstream interventions, outcome measures, and continuity across programs.

Pelvic radiotherapy is an integral part of treatment of many gynecological and other pelvic malignancies; however, it is associated with a risk of late urogynecological complications that can significantly affect the patients' quality of life. The most common problems include lower urinary tract symptoms, particularly urgency, urinary incontinence, and radiation cystitis, as well as vaginal stenosis, dryness, dyspareunia, lymphedema, and chronic pelvic pain. The incidence of these complications depends on the total radiation dose, radiotherapy technique used, combination with surgical treatment or brachytherapy, and individual patient-related risk factors. The underlying pathophysiology involves post-radiation inflammatory and fibrotic changes, vascular damage, and impaired innervation of irradiated tissues. Diagnosis requires long-term follow-up, targeted medical history taking, physical examination, and the use of functional and imaging methods. Prevention and management are based on modern radiotherapy techniques, patient education, conservative and pharmacological approaches, physiotherapy, and in selected cases, surgical treatment. An essential component of care is also addressing psychosocial consequences, which significantly affect sexuality, partner relationships, and psychological well-being.

As part of this literature review, a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the problem of chronic recurrent cystitis was performed. Key aspects of the disease, including mechanisms of its development, features of the diagnostic work-up, and approaches to therapeutic management, are covered in the review. To provide an objective scientific overview, a systematic search for relevant sources was carried out in major international databases, including Medline, PubMed, and EMBASE. The analysis of the available literature indicates that viral CRC represents a substantial issue in contemporary urological practice and is actively discussed within the professional community. Extensive coverage of the topic in scientific publications and online resources reflects its high relevance and clinical significance. The close attention of researchers to this problem is driven by a set of interrelated challenges. First, timely and accurate diagnosis remains difficult. Verification of cystitis etiology is often objectively challenging, which complicates differential diagnosis with other inflammatory conditions of the bladder. Another aggravating factor is the lack of unified, widely accepted standards of therapeutic management for chronic recurrent cystitis of any etiology. The clinical course is further complicated by its typical relapsing pattern, with exacerbations alternating with temporary remissions, which may falsely suggest that the treatment is effective.

With the progressive development of video endoscopic and laparoscopic operations, a direct relationship is formed with an increase in the number of patients with iatrogenic ureteral injury (hereinafter referred to as IUI). In the postoperative period, it is sometimes difficult to identify this type of ureter injury, and complications that occur in the long term after surgery can significantly worsen the patients quality of life, and even lead to death. The literature review was conducted in order to study the mechanisms of the most common iatrogenic ureteral injuries, as well as methods of prevention and treatment of this complication. Scientific articles were critically reviewed by searching the main electronic databases - Medscape, PubMed, Scopus, as well as scientific electronic libraries "CyberLeninka", RSCI and eLibrary.ru. The following search words were used: iatrogenic ureteral injury, ureteral damage, complications of endovideosurgery in urology, obstetrics and gynecology, emergency urology. 42 publications of domestic and foreign authors have been selected for this scientific article. The literature review highlights the authors current understanding of the aspects of IUI in various types of pathologies and surgical interventions, as well as methods of prevention and treatment of this type of complications. IUI is an important, complex and urgent problem of modern urology. The literature review is aimed at highlighting such an urgent problem in order to reduce the risk of injury to the ureters during surgical procedures not only by urologists, but also by related specialists - obstetricians and gynecologists, proctologists, surgeons and traumatologists.

General issues related to the conceptual distinction between the terms "complication" and "sequela" in renal injuries are addressed in the article. Selected principles of medical terminology from the perspective of linguistic description of the terms in question are analyzed. In addition, an analysis of synonymy among their English equivalents is presented. The need to systematize term types based on logical genus-species definitions is discussed from the standpoint of domain experts in order to enable effective expert assessment, adequate representation of scientific knowledge and viewpoints, and correct formulation of diagnoses in medical documentation.

This article presents the second part of a systematic review and meta-analysis addressing the problem of purulent pyelonephritis. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the available literature on treatment approaches for purulent pyelonephritis, its immediate and long-term outcomes, as well as the results of a meta-analysis on key therapeutic issues. A total of 46 clinical studies (1981-2024) focused on the management of complicated pyelonephritis were analyzed. The review considered therapeutic modalities (conservative antibiotic therapy, drainage procedures, nephrectomy), intensive care for sepsis, and the incidence and predictors of adverse outcomes (mortality, renal loss, progression to chronic disease). Quantitative synthesis of mortality and surgical treatment rates was performed using a random-effects model. All patients with purulent pyelonephritis received antibiotic therapy; the optimal strategy was the earliest possible initiation of a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic, ideally within the first hours after hospitalization. Empirical regimens included third-generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone) in hemodynamically stable patients, fluoroquinolones as an alternative, and -lactam/-lactamase inhibitor combinations or carbapenems when resistant pathogens were suspected. Delayed initiation of antibiotics (>24 hours) was associated with prolonged fever and an increased risk of sepsis. Approximately 30% of patients required intensive care (shock correction with fluids and vasopressors, mechanical ventilation in 5%). In cases of urinary tract obstruction, urgent decompression with nephrostomy or ureteral stenting was mandatory and led to improvement in >90% of cases. Large renal abscesses (>3-5 cm) were effectively managed with percutaneous drainage under US/CT guidance, avoiding open surgery in 80-90% of patients. Radical nephrectomy was required in 6% of patients with purulent pyelonephritis, including 25-40% of those with emphysematous pyelonephritis. Modern management approaches achieved relatively low overall mortality-5.8% (342/5912); however, in patients with septic shock, mortality reached 20-30%. Factors associated with death included septic shock, pre-existing chronic kidney disease, severe thrombocytopenia, and the need for dialysis. Renal preservation was achieved in 94% of patients; chronic kidney disease developed in 9% of survivors (often de novo after purulent pyelonephritis). Recurrence within 6 months was observed in 14% of patients, most frequently in the presence of unresolved predisposing factors (e.g., diabetes). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of intensive antibiotic therapy and timely minimally invasive procedures (decompression of obstruction, abscess drainage) allows successful treatment of most patients with purulent pyelonephritis while preserving renal function. Nevertheless, mortality in complicated pyelonephritis remains approximately 5-10%, highlighting the need for further improvements in management strategies (development of prognostic scoring systems, optimization of therapy duration, and introduction of novel agents).

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common problem in women, significantly reducing the quality of life. The main surgical method for SUI correction is the installation of a midurethral sling using a transobturator approach. The main techniques for performing this operation are outside-in (TOT) and inside-out (TVT-O). This paper presents a literature review devoted to a comparative assessment of the effectiveness and safety of these surgical approaches, with the aim of identifying possible differences in clinical outcomes and complication rates.

On February 14, 2026, the expert forum "Interdisciplinary Aspects of the Management of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection and Chronic Pelvic Pain" was held within the framework of the activities of Committee on Infection of the Russian Society of Urologists. The meeting addressed current issues in the diagnosis and comprehensive treatment of patients with urinary tract infection and chronic pelvic pain. The specialists focused on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying pain syndrome in this category of patients, the relationship between functional disorders of the lower urinary tract and urinary tract infection, as well as current data reflecting changes in the understanding of the etiological structure of these conditions. Following the meeting, the experts concluded that mandatory interdisciplinary collaboration among urologists, obstetricians, gynecologists, neurologists, and other specialists is necessary, as is expansion of the diagnostic work-up through the mandatory inclusion of cytological and morphological methods in the diagnostic work-up for patients with recurrent infectious diseases of the urinary tract. In specifying the issues of antibacterial therapy for urinary tract infection in the context of the global problem of antibiotic resistance, the feasibility of using soluble nitrofuran formulations was substantiated in order to provide reliable etiological control and prevention of infectious complications. The experts also emphasized the importance of pathogenetic therapy aimed at stimulating neuroregeneration processes and correcting psychological and emotional disorders for effective pain relief and achievement of stable remission.