Several maternal and fetal factors are responsible for neonatal jaundice, which is a common observation in large number of newborns. However, role of these factors in causation of this condition is not well established. Fifty pregnant mothers and their fifty two newborns were studied in the present study. Mothers with complicated pregnancy or septicemia at the time of delivery were excluded. In addition newborns with congenital or chromosomal abnormalities were excluded. Serum concentrations of bilirubin of all neonates were measured on days 1, 3 and 5. It was found to be lower on day 1, with a peak at day 3. The area under serum bilirubin level-time curve (AUC) for each neonate was also calculated. Fetal sex and birth weight were not found to significantly affect the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Newborn of bipara mothers were found to have significantly lower (P < 0.05) serum bilirubin level on day 1 as compared to primipara mothers only but higher (P < 0.05) on day 3 as compared to either primi or multipara mothers. Yet, AUC of serum bilirubin curve was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in newborns of bipara mothers than others. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher serum bilirubin on day 1 was also observed in preterm neonates than full term ones. However, maternal haemoglobin and mode of delivery were not shown to affect the neonatal bilirubin levels in these newborns.

To investigate the bladder function in primipara and bipara within 1 week after delivery using urodynamic study.Investigations on urodynamic changes were performed in 36 primipara volunteers and 12 bipara volunteers according to the recommendations of the International Continence Society (ICS). Fourteen women with upper urinary tract diseases but having normal lower urinary tract function, who had not experienced parturation were included as controls.Functional bladder volume (FBV) of primipara and bipara after delivery and normal desire cytometric capacity (NDCC) were respectively lower than those of control group (437 +/- 193) ml and (338 +/- 120) ml, however FBV and NDCC between primipara and bipara (310 +/- 154), (215 +/- 90) ml vs (243 +/- 141), (225 +/- 115) ml were not significantly different. The static Pure. max and Pure. clos. max of primipara and bipara were respectively higher than those of control group (87 +/- 7) cm H2O (1 cm H2O = 0.098 kPa) and (78 +/- 8) cm H2O (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in Pure. max and Pure. closure. max between primipara and bipara (116 +/- 28) cm H2O and (97 +/- 25) cm H2O vs (120 +/- 31) cm H2O and (106 +/- 37) cm H2O. There were significant differences in functional urethral length between primipara (31 +/- 6) mm and bipara (27 +/- 5) mm. Abrams-Griffiths number (AG) and urethral resistance factor (URA) of primipara and bipara also showed no significant differences from control group (11 +/- 3) cm H2O. Each group had one case with leakage on valsalva action, and valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) was respectively 50 cm H2O and 67 cm H2O.It is suggested that bladders of primipara and bipara shortly after delivery are sensitive and static urethral pressure parameters are increased, but voiding ability is still normal. There are no significant differences in urodynamic parameters between primipara and bipara.

In a retrospective analysis we examined several factors in regard to the dilatation of the renal calyces during pregnancy in a normal group of 187 pregnant women between 8 and 42 weeks of pregnancy. The dilatation of the calyceal system was more frequent in case of preceded pyelonephritis, in primipara and bipara, and in younger pregnant patients. We found a significant increase of the dilatation with progress of pregnancy.

Prenatal amniocentesis, chromosome analysis, as well as clinical and pathologicoanatomic approaches are some of the ways by which to diagnose triploidy. The methods are described against the background of triploidy (karyotype 69 XXX) in a bipara, 24 years of age. Prenatal examination of hydramnion, particularly in cases with concomitant gestosis, should include amnion cell culturing for early detection of triploidy. Postnatal diagnosis, in response to typical malformation of the foetus and placenta, is possible, provided that thought is given to that aspect.

A case of a stemcell-leukemia of a mature male macerated still-born child is described. The mother, a 20-year-old healthy bipara, a milker-maid by profession, had a normal hemogram. There was no evidence of blood group incompatibility. The autopsy of the fetus showed an excessive tumorous enlargement of the pancreas caused by the leukemic infiltration (Fig. 1). The microscopic examination of the placenta showed leukemic cells in the fetal blood vessels and the villous stroma (Fig. 2). In 1966 Werner compiled from literature 28 cases of true connatal leukemia and added a case of his own. From the newer accessible literature we collected further 19 reports (Table). In 7 of the 49 cases the connatal leukemia appeared together with Down's syndrom.