PURPOSE:

To evaluate psychometric assessment of Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (FRS) for Brazilian male population.

METHODS:

The sample was composed of a control group (94 students) and a clinical group (20 eating disordered patients). Two questionnaires were applied: the FRS and the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire-26. Weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were collected in the control group (self-reported) and clinical group (measured). Body dissatisfaction (BD) was calculated by subtraction of ideal body (IB) from the current body (CB) score. The concurrent validity was assessed through the analysis of the correlation between the CB and BD scores and the BMI and the body weight. The discriminant validity was achieved by measurements of association between the groups studied and the scales CB, IB and BD. Reliability was assessed by the comparison of the score averages at two moments and by the intraclass coefficient correlation.

RESULTS:

The questionnaire had a correlation higher than 0.67 for the measures of weight and BMI. Regarding the CB, IB and BD scores, a significant difference was not observed between the clinical and the control group. There was no difference between the scores for BD at the two moments analyzed.

CONCLUSIONS:

The FRS is stable and capable of correlating with anthropometric measures. Nevertheless, for this population the questionnaire was unable to distinguish between the two groups analyzed.

We have patients who develop lung injury after surgery even they are without lung diseases preoperatively. What is the cause of this perioperative complication? Can we prevent postoperative lung injury by any measures during surgery? In the present paper, the etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is reviewed and possible methods to prevent ARDS is discussed. Inflammation occurs during surgery, the degree of which depends on multiple factors including surgical insults, the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), ischemia and reperfusion of any organ during surgery, transfusion, and organ damages. Preexisting conditions such as malignancy, sepsis; shock and lung diseases are other factors that may lead to lung injury. Mechanical ventilation does not initiate lung injury by itself; however, conventional mechanical ventilation (tidal volume of 10-12 ml x kg-1 ideal body weight) may induce ARDS if lungs are primed. Accordingly, lung protective strategies should be carried out if patients have such condition or does receive such surgery. The brief outline of the lung protective strategies is to reduce tidal volume, to apply open lung approach with positive end-expiratory pressure and lung recruitment maneuver, and to avoid any lung lesion causing hypoxia during CPB or one-lung ventilation.

Social comparison theory suggests that evaluating the self in comparison with others (e.g., peers, celebrities, models) can influence body image. Experimental studies that have tested effects of viewing idealized images in the media often show that women feel worse about themselves after seeing images that illustrate the beauty ideal. Twitter presents a naturally occurring opportunity to study viewers' reactions. An analysis was conducted of 977 tweets sent immediately before and during the 2011 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show that reference the show. Although the majority were idiosyncratic remarks, many tweets contain evidence of upward social comparisons to the fashion models. There were tweets about body image, eating disorders, weight, desires for food or alcohol, and thoughts about self-harm. The results support social comparison theory, and suggest that vulnerable viewers could experience negative affect, or even engage in harmful behaviors, during or after viewing the show or others like it.

We conducted a questionnaire survey among Japanese female students to explore the influence of a desire for thinness and dietary behaviors on the development of eating disorders.Self-reported measures of socio-demographic characteristics, body weight perception, height and weight, and dietary and exercise behavior were completed by 631 female university students at 6 universities in Kyoto, Japan.Many students had a desire for thinness (underweight students, 51.7 %; normal-weight students, 88.8 %), whereas ideal weight and body mass index were lower in the students with a desire for thinness than the students without a desire for thinness, and were also lower in the underweight students than the normal-weight students. The eating attitude test (EAT-26) scores of underweight students with a desire for thinness were higher than those of the normal-weight students with a desire for thinness. As a result of a logistic regression analysis, underweight, desire for thinness, and experience with weight control were positively associated with eating problems. Further, the association of eating problems increased along with the increase in the number of factors (underweight, desire for thinness, and experience with weight control).These results indicate that underweight females have strong associations with eating problems.

OBJECTIVES:

: It is not yet clear whether dietary protein could help maintaining a healthy blood pressure (BP). We investigated the association between total protein intake, estimated from 24-h urinary urea excretion, and incident hypertension in Dutch men and women.

METHODS::

We analyzed data of 3997 men and women (aged 28-75 years) who participated in the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease (PREVEND) study, a prospective cohort study. Urea excretion was assessed in two consecutive 24-h urine collections at baseline and approximately 4 years later, from which total protein intake was estimated using the Maroni method. Participants were followed for 9 years for hypertension incidence, defined as BP at least 140/90 mmHg or initiation of antihypertensive medication. Hazard ratios (HR) were obtained in sex-specific quintiles of protein intake using time-dependent Cox regression, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, and 24-h urinary excretions of sodium and potassium.

RESULTS::

Baseline BP was on average 119/70 mmHg and 976 participants developed hypertension during follow-up. Mean protein intake (in g/kg ideal body weight) was 1.18 ± 0.26 for men and 1.12 ± 0.25 for women. Estimated protein intake was nonlinearly inversely associated with incident hypertension in the fully adjusted model, with nonsignificant HR of 0.77, 0.75, 0.82, and 0.83 in consecutive quintiles compared with the lowest quintile (P-trend: 0.52).

CONCLUSION:

: Protein intake, as assessed by urinary urea excretion, was not significantly associated with 9-year hypertension incidence in Dutch men and women.

PURPOSE:

The purpose was to examine the effect of pretreatment weight status on loco-regional progression for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) after receiving definitive concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT).

METHODS:

In an expanded cohort of 140 patients, we retrospectively reviewed weight status and loco-regional progression of SCCHN patients treated with CCRT between 2004 and 2010.

RESULTS:

Pretreatment ideal body weight percentage (IBW%) was statistically significantly different for patients with disease progression than for those without progression (p = 0.02) but was not an independent predictor of progression. Median pretreatment IBW% was 118 (72-193) for the progression-free group and was 101.5 (73-163) for the group with progression. Both groups suffered clinically severe weight loss of approximately 9 % from baseline to end treatment.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pretreatment weight status, a very crude indicator of nutrition status, may have prognostic value in patients with SCCHN undergoing definitive CCRT. Inadequate nutritional status in these patients has been associated with poor clinical outcomes and decreased quality of life. Based on this report and others, the best next steps include routine validated malnutrition screening and the testing of evidence-based nutrition care protocols with the goals of minimizing weight loss and improvement of quality of life.

Studies in several countries indicate that parents show little concern and aren't much aware of the nutritional status of their children, and have the tendency to underestimate the overweight which may present a difficulty when promoting healthier life styles. The aim of this study was to identify maternal body image perceptions in preschool children and analyze its relationship with nutritional status and family social demographic variables.A transversal and descriptive study was developed in a sample of 1424 preschool children and their mothers living in several parts of Portugal. The children were weighted and measured by trained personnel, the BMI was calculated and the nutritional status was classified according to the NCHS referential (CDC, 2000).(1) Mother's real and ideal body image perception from their children was evaluated according to Collins' body image silhouettes (1991).(2)The ideal and real perception was translated in a negative index on both children's genders, however 67.2% of the mothers revealed accuracy of perception, while 22.3% had a negative and 12.8% a positive discrepancy, being this significant concerning gender and age of the children. Children's actual weight status (ie, 60.2% normal weight, 16.9% overweight, 17.4% obese and 5.5% underweight) was significantly different from their parents' perceptions (ie, 52.3% normal weight, 27.5% overweight 0,6% obesity and 19.6% underweight) explaining in 25.9% the variability of this perception. Globally 42.3% has no discrepancy but 44.3% thinks that children were thin and 13.4% heavier. This difference is significant concerning the age and scholarship of the mothers but has no relation with the income and residence.Despite signs of a positive trend, mothers continue to show difficulty in recognizing the children's nutritional status, so effective public health strategies to increase parents' awareness could be the first step in an effort to prevent childhood obesity.

BACKGROUND:

Existing nutritional guidelines suggest that protein requirements of adults with stage five chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) are increased as a result of protein losses during dialysis. The present review aimed to update previous guidance and develop evidence-based practice guidelines on the protein requirements of adults undergoing maintenance dialysis.

METHODS:

Following a PICO approach (Participants or Population, Intervention or Exposure, Comparison and Outcome), four research questions were formulated to investigate the total protein requirement and protein quality required by adults undergoing HD and PD. A comprehensive, systematic review was undertaken using the databases Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from 2005 to September 2009 for HD studies and from 1997 to September 2009 for PD studies.

RESULTS:

The literature search yielded 2931 studies, which were assessed for inclusion. Following appraisal, 19 studies in HD and 18 studies in PD met the inclusion criteria and were systematically reviewed. Limited good quality evidence supports the recommendations that: (i) adults undergoing maintenance HD require a minimum protein intake of 1.1 g kg(-1) ideal body weight (IBW) per day; and (ii) adults undergoing maintenance PD require a minimum protein intake of 1.0-1.2 kg(-1) IBW per day, in conjunction with an adequate energy intake. There were no studies that addressed the quality of protein for either HD or PD.

CONCLUSIONS:

Evidence suggests that nutritional status may be maintained with lower protein intakes than previously recommended. However, the evidence base is limited and further randomised controlled trials are required to establish the optimal protein intake for dialysis patients.