Daytime Incontinence
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Basics
Description
- Daytime wetting in a child ≥5 years of age warrants evaluation.
- Causes of functional incontinence include an array of bladder storage and voiding disorders.
- Voiding dysfunction is abnormal behavior of the lower urinary tract without a recognized organic cause, generally in the form of pelvic floor hyperactivity or bladder–sphincter discoordination.
- Dysfunctional elimination syndrome describes the association between abnormal bladder and bowel behavior.
Prevalence
- Studies in children 6–7 years of age have shown that 3.1% of girls and 2.1% of boys had an episode of wetting at least once per week.
- Spontaneous cure rate of 14% per year without treatment
- Of all children who wet, 10% have only daytime wetting, 75% wet only at night, and 15% wet during the day and at night.
Risk Factors
- Constipation
- Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)
- Diabetes mellitus/diabetes insipidus
- Attention-deficit disorder/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD)
- Developmental delay
Genetics
- Only anecdotal relationships have been seen in functional daytime incontinence, unlike studies showing genetic tendencies in nocturnal enuresis.
- Increased rates of daytime wetting have been reported in urofacial (Ochoa) syndrome, an autosomal recessive condition, and Williams syndrome, which is the result of a deletion involving the elastin gene in chromosome 7.
Etiology
- Neurogenic bladder (e.g., myelomeningocele)
- Anatomic anomalies (e.g., ectopic ureter)
- Obstructive uropathy (e.g., posterior urethral valves)
- Bladder irritability caused by UTI
- Constipation
- Increased urinary output—polyuria
- Infrequent or deferred voiding
- Overactive bladder
- Low functional bladder capacity, with detrusor instability during filling
- Vaginal reflux
- Giggle incontinence
- Temperamental factors (e.g., short attention span, inattentiveness to body signals) in children who ignore the urge to void
- Developmental differences in age at which toilet training is achieved
Commonly Associated Conditions
- Constipation (common)
- Nocturnal enuresis (common)
- UTIs (common)
- Vesicoureteral reflux is more common in children with voiding dysfunction due to elevated detrusor pressures that overcome a marginal vesicoureteral junction.
-- To view the remaining sections of this topic, please log in or purchase a subscription --
Basics
Description
- Daytime wetting in a child ≥5 years of age warrants evaluation.
- Causes of functional incontinence include an array of bladder storage and voiding disorders.
- Voiding dysfunction is abnormal behavior of the lower urinary tract without a recognized organic cause, generally in the form of pelvic floor hyperactivity or bladder–sphincter discoordination.
- Dysfunctional elimination syndrome describes the association between abnormal bladder and bowel behavior.
Prevalence
- Studies in children 6–7 years of age have shown that 3.1% of girls and 2.1% of boys had an episode of wetting at least once per week.
- Spontaneous cure rate of 14% per year without treatment
- Of all children who wet, 10% have only daytime wetting, 75% wet only at night, and 15% wet during the day and at night.
Risk Factors
- Constipation
- Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)
- Diabetes mellitus/diabetes insipidus
- Attention-deficit disorder/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD)
- Developmental delay
Genetics
- Only anecdotal relationships have been seen in functional daytime incontinence, unlike studies showing genetic tendencies in nocturnal enuresis.
- Increased rates of daytime wetting have been reported in urofacial (Ochoa) syndrome, an autosomal recessive condition, and Williams syndrome, which is the result of a deletion involving the elastin gene in chromosome 7.
Etiology
- Neurogenic bladder (e.g., myelomeningocele)
- Anatomic anomalies (e.g., ectopic ureter)
- Obstructive uropathy (e.g., posterior urethral valves)
- Bladder irritability caused by UTI
- Constipation
- Increased urinary output—polyuria
- Infrequent or deferred voiding
- Overactive bladder
- Low functional bladder capacity, with detrusor instability during filling
- Vaginal reflux
- Giggle incontinence
- Temperamental factors (e.g., short attention span, inattentiveness to body signals) in children who ignore the urge to void
- Developmental differences in age at which toilet training is achieved
Commonly Associated Conditions
- Constipation (common)
- Nocturnal enuresis (common)
- UTIs (common)
- Vesicoureteral reflux is more common in children with voiding dysfunction due to elevated detrusor pressures that overcome a marginal vesicoureteral junction.
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