The standard recommendation for treating chronic osteomyelitis is 6 weeks of parenteral antibiotic therapy. However, oral antibiotics are available that achieve adequate levels in bone, and there are now more published studies of oral than parenteral antibiotic therapy for patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Oral and parenteral therapies achieve similar cure rates; however, oral therapy avoids risks associated with intravenous catheters and is generally less expensive, making it a reasonable choice for osteomyelitis caused by susceptible organisms. Addition of adjunctive rifampin to other antibiotics may improve cure rates. The optimal duration of therapy for chronic osteomyelitis remains uncertain. There is no evidence that antibiotic therapy for >4-6 weeks improves outcomes compared with shorter regimens. In view of concerns about encouraging antibiotic resistance to unnecessarily prolonged treatment, defining the optimal route and duration of antibiotic therapy and the role of surgical debridement in treating chronic osteomyelitis are important, unmet needs.

Objective Postoperative pain after tonsillectomy (TE) can usually be treated sufficiently by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In some patients, however, postoperative pain is more prominent on one side of the neck. Our clinical experience has demonstrated that these patients often show a segmental hypomobility of the upper cervical joints that can be successfully treated by manual medicine (MM). The analgetic effectiveness of this treatment was investigated in a prospective, randomized, placebocontrolled, single-blind study. Material and Methods 52 adults with exceptionally strong (visual analog scale VAS > 4) and/or unilateral pain after TE (between day 1 and 4) were included in this study. Postoperatively (TE) pain scores were immediately evaluated by VAS before (t0) and after (t1) the treatment (MM) as well as 4 hours (t2) and 1 day later (t3). Results Results show a significantly higher reduction in pain in the verum group compared to the placebo group (t1: p = 0.012, t3: p = 0.012, both Bonferroni-adjusted). The difference to t2 was not significant (p = 0.54 Conclusion This study has demonstrated effective pain reduction by manual medicine in adults with exceptionally strong and/or unilateral pain after TE and cervical hypomobolity.

This study investigated infants' rapid learning of two novel words using a preferential looking measure compared with a preferential reaching measure. In Experiment 1, 21 13-month-olds and 20 17-month-olds were given 12 novel label exposures (6 per trial) for each of two novel objects. Next, in the label comprehension tests, infants were shown both objects and were asked, "Where's the [label]?" (looking preference) and then told, "Put the [label] in the basket" (reaching preference). Only the 13-month-olds showed rapid word learning on the looking measure; neither age group showed rapid word learning on the reaching measure. In Experiment 2, the procedure was repeated 24h later with 10 participants per age group from Experiment 1. After a further 12 labels per object, both age groups now showed robust evidence of rapid word learning, but again only on the looking measure. This is the earliest looking-based evidence of rapid word learning in infants in a well-controlled (i.e., two-word) procedure; our failure to replicate previous reports of rapid word learning in 13-month-olds with a preferential reaching measure may be due to our use of more rigorous controls for object preferences. The superior performance of the younger infants on the looking measure in Experiment 1 was not straightforwardly predicted by existing theoretical accounts of word learning.