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Role of multiple resources in predicting time-sharing efficiency: evaluation of three workload models in a multiple-task setting.
Int J Aviat Psychol. 1995; 5(1):107-30.IJ

Abstract

The goal of our study was to assess the validity of the assumptions underlying three prominent workload models: the Time-Line Analysis and Prediction workload model (Parks & Boucek, 1989), the VACP workload model (Aldrich, Szabo, & Bierbaum, 1989), and the W/INDEX model (North & Riley, 1989). Sixteen subjects flew a low-fidelity flight simulation. Subjects were required to perform a two-axis tracking task, a concurrent visual-monitoring task, and a discrete decision task. The decision task had 16 variations defined by two levels on each of the following dimensions: input modality (visual vs. auditory), processing code (spatial vs. verbal), difficulty (easy vs. hard), and response modality (manual vs. voice). Dual-task costs were found only for the tracking task. The tracking data were then analyzed using two approaches: a traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a correlational analysis of tracking performance versus model predictions. The ANOVA revealed that performance on the tracking task was better when the concurrent decision task was responded to vocally and was easy. Input modality and processing code of the concurrent decision task had no significant effect on tracking performance. The correlational analysis was used to evaluate each of the three models, to determine what features were responsible for improving the models' fit, and to compare their performance with a pure time-line model that makes no multiple-resource assumptions. All three models did a good job of predicting variance between experimental conditions, accounting for between 56% and 84% of the variance in our data and between 10% and 40% of an earlier data set. Different features of each model that affect the fit are then discussed. We conclude that it is important for models to retain a multiple-resource coding, although the best features of that coding remain to be determined. Coding tasks by their demand level appears to be less critical.

Authors+Show Affiliations

Sarno KJ
Institute of Aviation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
Wickens CD
No affiliation info available

MeSH

AdolescentAdultAnalysis of VarianceAviationDecision MakingEquipment DesignEvaluation Studies as TopicFemaleHumansMaleModels, TheoreticalPsychomotor PerformanceTask Performance and AnalysisWorkload

Pub Type(s)

Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Language

eng

PubMed ID

11541493

Citation

Sarno, K J., and C D. Wickens. "Role of Multiple Resources in Predicting Time-sharing Efficiency: Evaluation of Three Workload Models in a Multiple-task Setting." The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, vol. 5, no. 1, 1995, pp. 107-30.
Sarno KJ, Wickens CD. Role of multiple resources in predicting time-sharing efficiency: evaluation of three workload models in a multiple-task setting. Int J Aviat Psychol. 1995;5(1):107-30.
Sarno, K. J., & Wickens, C. D. (1995). Role of multiple resources in predicting time-sharing efficiency: evaluation of three workload models in a multiple-task setting. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 5(1), 107-30.
Sarno KJ, Wickens CD. Role of Multiple Resources in Predicting Time-sharing Efficiency: Evaluation of Three Workload Models in a Multiple-task Setting. Int J Aviat Psychol. 1995;5(1):107-30. PubMed PMID: 11541493.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Role of multiple resources in predicting time-sharing efficiency: evaluation of three workload models in a multiple-task setting. AU - Sarno,K J, AU - Wickens,C D, PY - 1995/1/1/pubmed PY - 2001/9/11/medline PY - 1995/1/1/entrez SP - 107 EP - 30 JF - The International journal of aviation psychology JO - Int J Aviat Psychol VL - 5 IS - 1 N2 - The goal of our study was to assess the validity of the assumptions underlying three prominent workload models: the Time-Line Analysis and Prediction workload model (Parks & Boucek, 1989), the VACP workload model (Aldrich, Szabo, & Bierbaum, 1989), and the W/INDEX model (North & Riley, 1989). Sixteen subjects flew a low-fidelity flight simulation. Subjects were required to perform a two-axis tracking task, a concurrent visual-monitoring task, and a discrete decision task. The decision task had 16 variations defined by two levels on each of the following dimensions: input modality (visual vs. auditory), processing code (spatial vs. verbal), difficulty (easy vs. hard), and response modality (manual vs. voice). Dual-task costs were found only for the tracking task. The tracking data were then analyzed using two approaches: a traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a correlational analysis of tracking performance versus model predictions. The ANOVA revealed that performance on the tracking task was better when the concurrent decision task was responded to vocally and was easy. Input modality and processing code of the concurrent decision task had no significant effect on tracking performance. The correlational analysis was used to evaluate each of the three models, to determine what features were responsible for improving the models' fit, and to compare their performance with a pure time-line model that makes no multiple-resource assumptions. All three models did a good job of predicting variance between experimental conditions, accounting for between 56% and 84% of the variance in our data and between 10% and 40% of an earlier data set. Different features of each model that affect the fit are then discussed. We conclude that it is important for models to retain a multiple-resource coding, although the best features of that coding remain to be determined. Coding tasks by their demand level appears to be less critical. SN - 1050-8414 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/11541493/Role_of_multiple_resources_in_predicting_time_sharing_efficiency:_evaluation_of_three_workload_models_in_a_multiple_task_setting_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -