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Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City.
N Engl J Med. 2002 Mar 28; 346(13):982-7.NEJM

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The scope of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was unprecedented in the United States. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of acute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among residents of Manhattan five to eight weeks after the attacks.

METHODS

We used random-digit dialing to contact a representative sample of adults living south of 110th Street in Manhattan. Participants were asked about demographic characteristics, exposure to the events of September 11, and psychological symptoms after the attacks.

RESULTS

Among 1008 adults interviewed, 7.5 percent reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of current PTSD related to the attacks, and 9.7 percent reported symptoms consistent with current depression (with "current" defined as occurring within the previous 30 days). Among respondents who lived south of Canal Street (i.e., near the World Trade Center), the prevalence of PTSD was 20.0 percent. Predictors of PTSD in a multivariate model were Hispanic ethnicity, two or more prior stressors, a panic attack during or shortly after the events, residence south of Canal Street, and loss of possessions due to the events. Predictors of depression were Hispanic ethnicity, two or more prior stressors, a panic attack, a low level of social support, the death of a friend or relative during the attacks, and loss of a job due to the attacks.

CONCLUSIONS

There was a substantial burden of acute PTSD and depression in Manhattan after the September 11 attacks. Experiences involving exposure to the attacks were predictors of current PTSD, and losses as a result of the events were predictors of current depression. In the aftermath of terrorist attacks, there may be substantial psychological morbidity in the population.

Links

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Galea S
Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-5283, USA. sgalea@nyam.org
Ahern J
No affiliation info available
Resnick H
No affiliation info available
Kilpatrick D
No affiliation info available
Bucuvalas M
No affiliation info available
Gold J
No affiliation info available
Vlahov D
No affiliation info available

MeSH

AdultAircraftData CollectionDepressionFemaleHispanic or LatinoHumansLogistic ModelsMaleMultivariate AnalysisNew York CityPanic DisorderPrevalenceRandom AllocationResidence CharacteristicsRisk FactorsSex FactorsSocial SupportStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticTerrorism

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Language

eng

PubMed ID

11919308

Citation

Galea, Sandro, et al. "Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City." The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 346, no. 13, 2002, pp. 982-7.
Galea S, Ahern J, Resnick H, et al. Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(13):982-7.
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346(13), 982-7.
Galea S, et al. Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City. N Engl J Med. 2002 Mar 28;346(13):982-7. PubMed PMID: 11919308.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. AU - Galea,Sandro, AU - Ahern,Jennifer, AU - Resnick,Heidi, AU - Kilpatrick,Dean, AU - Bucuvalas,Michael, AU - Gold,Joel, AU - Vlahov,David, PY - 2002/3/29/pubmed PY - 2002/4/5/medline PY - 2002/3/29/entrez SP - 982 EP - 7 JF - The New England journal of medicine JO - N Engl J Med VL - 346 IS - 13 N2 - BACKGROUND: The scope of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was unprecedented in the United States. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of acute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among residents of Manhattan five to eight weeks after the attacks. METHODS: We used random-digit dialing to contact a representative sample of adults living south of 110th Street in Manhattan. Participants were asked about demographic characteristics, exposure to the events of September 11, and psychological symptoms after the attacks. RESULTS: Among 1008 adults interviewed, 7.5 percent reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of current PTSD related to the attacks, and 9.7 percent reported symptoms consistent with current depression (with "current" defined as occurring within the previous 30 days). Among respondents who lived south of Canal Street (i.e., near the World Trade Center), the prevalence of PTSD was 20.0 percent. Predictors of PTSD in a multivariate model were Hispanic ethnicity, two or more prior stressors, a panic attack during or shortly after the events, residence south of Canal Street, and loss of possessions due to the events. Predictors of depression were Hispanic ethnicity, two or more prior stressors, a panic attack, a low level of social support, the death of a friend or relative during the attacks, and loss of a job due to the attacks. CONCLUSIONS: There was a substantial burden of acute PTSD and depression in Manhattan after the September 11 attacks. Experiences involving exposure to the attacks were predictors of current PTSD, and losses as a result of the events were predictors of current depression. In the aftermath of terrorist attacks, there may be substantial psychological morbidity in the population. SN - 1533-4406 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/11919308/Psychological_sequelae_of_the_September_11_terrorist_attacks_in_New_York_City_ L2 - https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMsa013404?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=pubmed DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -