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Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease.
Ann Intern Med. 2002 Aug 06; 137(3):149-55.AIM

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Presence of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) epsilon4 allele, which is involved in cholesterol metabolism, is the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease. Elevated midlife values for total cholesterol level and blood pressure have been implicated recently as risk factors for Alzheimer disease.

OBJECTIVE

To study the relative importance and the putative relationship among the apoE epsilon4 allele, midlife total cholesterol level, and midlife blood pressure as risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease.

DESIGN

Prospective population-based study.

SETTING

Kuopio and Joensuu, eastern Finland.

PARTICIPANTS

Participants were derived from random population surveys from 1972, 1977, 1982, and 1987. A total of 1449 persons (73%), 65 to 79 years of age, participated in the reexamination in 1998 (mean follow-up, 21 years).

MEASUREMENTS

Midlife blood pressure and total cholesterol level, apoE genotype, and development of Alzheimer disease during follow-up.

RESULTS

The apoE epsilon4 allele was an independent risk factor for Alzheimer disease, even after adjustment for midlife vascular risk factors and other confounders (odds ratio, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.1 to 4.1]). Similarly, elevated midlife values for serum total cholesterol level (odds ratio, 2.8 [CI, 1.2 to 6.7]) and systolic blood pressure (odds ratio, 2.6 [CI, 1.1 to 6.6]) were independent risk factors for Alzheimer disease, even after adjustment for apoE genotype and other confounding factors.

CONCLUSIONS

The association between the apoE epsilon4 allele and Alzheimer disease does not seem to be mediated by vascular factors. The apoE epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for Alzheimer disease. The risk for Alzheimer disease from treatable factors--elevated total cholesterol level and blood pressure--appears to be greater than that from the apoE epsilon4 allele.

Authors+Show Affiliations

Kivipelto M
University of Kuopio, Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. miia.kivipelto@uku.fi
Helkala EL
No affiliation info available
Laakso MP
No affiliation info available
Hänninen T
No affiliation info available
Hallikainen M
No affiliation info available
Alhainen K
No affiliation info available
Iivonen S
No affiliation info available
Mannermaa A
No affiliation info available
Tuomilehto J
No affiliation info available
Nissinen A
No affiliation info available
Soininen H
No affiliation info available

MeSH

AgedAllelesAlzheimer DiseaseApolipoproteins EBlood PressureCholesterolDementiaFollow-Up StudiesGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenotypeHumansLongitudinal StudiesProspective StudiesRegression AnalysisRisk Factors

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

12160362

Clinical Trial Links

Feru-guard for Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia
Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability

Citation

Kivipelto, Miia, et al. "Apolipoprotein E Epsilon4 Allele, Elevated Midlife Total Cholesterol Level, and High Midlife Systolic Blood Pressure Are Independent Risk Factors for Late-life Alzheimer Disease." Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 137, no. 3, 2002, pp. 149-55.
Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(3):149-55.
Kivipelto, M., Helkala, E. L., Laakso, M. P., Hänninen, T., Hallikainen, M., Alhainen, K., Iivonen, S., Mannermaa, A., Tuomilehto, J., Nissinen, A., & Soininen, H. (2002). Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137(3), 149-55.
Kivipelto M, et al. Apolipoprotein E Epsilon4 Allele, Elevated Midlife Total Cholesterol Level, and High Midlife Systolic Blood Pressure Are Independent Risk Factors for Late-life Alzheimer Disease. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Aug 6;137(3):149-55. PubMed PMID: 12160362.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. AU - Kivipelto,Miia, AU - Helkala,Eeva-Liisa, AU - Laakso,Mikko P, AU - Hänninen,Tuomo, AU - Hallikainen,Merja, AU - Alhainen,Kari, AU - Iivonen,Susan, AU - Mannermaa,Arto, AU - Tuomilehto,Jaakko, AU - Nissinen,Aulikki, AU - Soininen,Hilkka, PY - 2002/8/6/pubmed PY - 2002/8/10/medline PY - 2002/8/6/entrez SP - 149 EP - 55 JF - Annals of internal medicine JO - Ann Intern Med VL - 137 IS - 3 N2 - BACKGROUND: Presence of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) epsilon4 allele, which is involved in cholesterol metabolism, is the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease. Elevated midlife values for total cholesterol level and blood pressure have been implicated recently as risk factors for Alzheimer disease. OBJECTIVE: To study the relative importance and the putative relationship among the apoE epsilon4 allele, midlife total cholesterol level, and midlife blood pressure as risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. DESIGN: Prospective population-based study. SETTING: Kuopio and Joensuu, eastern Finland. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were derived from random population surveys from 1972, 1977, 1982, and 1987. A total of 1449 persons (73%), 65 to 79 years of age, participated in the reexamination in 1998 (mean follow-up, 21 years). MEASUREMENTS: Midlife blood pressure and total cholesterol level, apoE genotype, and development of Alzheimer disease during follow-up. RESULTS: The apoE epsilon4 allele was an independent risk factor for Alzheimer disease, even after adjustment for midlife vascular risk factors and other confounders (odds ratio, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.1 to 4.1]). Similarly, elevated midlife values for serum total cholesterol level (odds ratio, 2.8 [CI, 1.2 to 6.7]) and systolic blood pressure (odds ratio, 2.6 [CI, 1.1 to 6.6]) were independent risk factors for Alzheimer disease, even after adjustment for apoE genotype and other confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: The association between the apoE epsilon4 allele and Alzheimer disease does not seem to be mediated by vascular factors. The apoE epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for Alzheimer disease. The risk for Alzheimer disease from treatable factors--elevated total cholesterol level and blood pressure--appears to be greater than that from the apoE epsilon4 allele. SN - 1539-3704 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/12160362/full_citation DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -