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Child ADHD and personality/temperament traits of reactive and effortful control, resiliency, and emotionality.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006 Nov; 47(11):1175-83.JC

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest developmental influences may feed into components of the disorder separately from associated disruptive behavior problems. We investigated this in terms of key personality/temperament traits of Reactive and Effortful Control, Resiliency, and Emotionality.

METHODS

A sample of 179 children (age 6-12, 63% boys), of whom 92 had ADHD, 52 were Controls, and 35 were borderline or not otherwise specified cases of ADHD, were examined. Dispositional trait scores were derived from parent-completed California Q-sort and the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire. Child ADHD symptoms were evaluated using maternal structured diagnostic interview and teacher-completed symptom ratings.

RESULTS

Traits were differentially associated with symptoms. Reactive Control was related to hyperactivity-impulsivity as rated by both parents and teachers. Negative Emotionality was related to oppositional-defiance. Resiliency was primarily related to inattention-disorganization as rated by both parents and teachers; Effortful Control was related uniquely to inattention in parent but not teacher data. A moderation effect emerged; the relationship between parent-rated Negative Emotionality and teacher-rated ADHD symptoms was stronger for children with high levels of both Reactive and Effortful Control.

CONCLUSIONS

Results are interpreted in relation to a two-pathway model of ADHD; regulation problems contribute to the emergence of symptoms of inattention-disorganization, reactive or motivational control problems to the emergence of hyperactivity-impulsivity, and these are distinct from negative affectivity. Children with regulation deficits and a reactive motivational style are especially at risk for the development of ADHD.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Martel MM
Michigan State University, Michigan, USA. martelmi@msu.edu
Nigg JT
No affiliation info available

MeSH

Adaptation, PsychologicalAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityAttention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior DisordersChildChild Behavior DisordersEmotionsFemaleHumansInternal-External ControlMalePersonality AssessmentPsychopathologyStatistics as TopicTemperament

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Language

eng

PubMed ID

17076757

Citation

Martel, Michelle M., and Joel T. Nigg. "Child ADHD and Personality/temperament Traits of Reactive and Effortful Control, Resiliency, and Emotionality." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, vol. 47, no. 11, 2006, pp. 1175-83.
Martel MM, Nigg JT. Child ADHD and personality/temperament traits of reactive and effortful control, resiliency, and emotionality. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(11):1175-83.
Martel, M. M., & Nigg, J. T. (2006). Child ADHD and personality/temperament traits of reactive and effortful control, resiliency, and emotionality. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 47(11), 1175-83.
Martel MM, Nigg JT. Child ADHD and Personality/temperament Traits of Reactive and Effortful Control, Resiliency, and Emotionality. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(11):1175-83. PubMed PMID: 17076757.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Child ADHD and personality/temperament traits of reactive and effortful control, resiliency, and emotionality. AU - Martel,Michelle M, AU - Nigg,Joel T, PY - 2006/11/2/pubmed PY - 2007/2/23/medline PY - 2006/11/2/entrez SP - 1175 EP - 83 JF - Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines JO - J Child Psychol Psychiatry VL - 47 IS - 11 N2 - BACKGROUND: Models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest developmental influences may feed into components of the disorder separately from associated disruptive behavior problems. We investigated this in terms of key personality/temperament traits of Reactive and Effortful Control, Resiliency, and Emotionality. METHODS: A sample of 179 children (age 6-12, 63% boys), of whom 92 had ADHD, 52 were Controls, and 35 were borderline or not otherwise specified cases of ADHD, were examined. Dispositional trait scores were derived from parent-completed California Q-sort and the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire. Child ADHD symptoms were evaluated using maternal structured diagnostic interview and teacher-completed symptom ratings. RESULTS: Traits were differentially associated with symptoms. Reactive Control was related to hyperactivity-impulsivity as rated by both parents and teachers. Negative Emotionality was related to oppositional-defiance. Resiliency was primarily related to inattention-disorganization as rated by both parents and teachers; Effortful Control was related uniquely to inattention in parent but not teacher data. A moderation effect emerged; the relationship between parent-rated Negative Emotionality and teacher-rated ADHD symptoms was stronger for children with high levels of both Reactive and Effortful Control. CONCLUSIONS: Results are interpreted in relation to a two-pathway model of ADHD; regulation problems contribute to the emergence of symptoms of inattention-disorganization, reactive or motivational control problems to the emergence of hyperactivity-impulsivity, and these are distinct from negative affectivity. Children with regulation deficits and a reactive motivational style are especially at risk for the development of ADHD. SN - 0021-9630 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/17076757/Child_ADHD_and_personality/temperament_traits_of_reactive_and_effortful_control_resiliency_and_emotionality_ L2 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01629.x DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -