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Infant feeding practices and associated factors through the first 9 months of life in Bavaria, Germany.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Oct; 49(4):467-73.JP

Abstract

OBJECTIVES

To investigate infant feeding and breast-feeding practices during the first 9 months of life in Bavaria, Germany, in relation to recommendations and to identify factors associated with early feeding of semisolid food.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data from 3103 infants throughout Bavaria, Germany, were collected in a prospective cohort study. Questionnaires were administered at the age of 6 days, and 2, 4, 6, and 9 months.

RESULTS

There was a considerable variety concerning the time when complementary feeding was introduced. Only 16.4% of the infants ate solid/semisolid food before the age of 5 months. Most of the infants received as their first solid food a mash of vegetable, meat, and potato. Compared to national guidelines fluids were introduced early. More than 37% of the breast-fed infants received additional fluids/formula. The strongest risk factor associated with complementary feeding before the fifth month was breast-feeding duration of less than 4 months (any breast-feeding) with an odds ratio of 8.57 (95% confidence interval 6.16-11.94). Other factors were low level of education, young age of the mother, smoking habit of the mother, and mother not being born in Germany.

CONCLUSIONS

Further improvements in nutrition of infants may be achieved in 2 ways: promotion of breast-feeding according to current recommendations and better counselling on the correct timing of introduction of semisolid food-especially for parents of not- or short-time breast-fed babies and focused on young mothers with low levels of education.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Rebhan B
Department of Environmental Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Agency, Oberschleissheim, Germany. Barbara.Rebhan@lgl.bayern.de
Kohlhuber M
No affiliation info available
Schwegler U
No affiliation info available
Koletzko BV
No affiliation info available
Fromme H
No affiliation info available

MeSH

AdolescentAdultAge FactorsBreast FeedingDietEducational StatusFemaleGermanyHumansInfantInfant FoodInfant FormulaInfant Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaInfant, NewbornMiddle AgedOdds RatioProspective StudiesRisk FactorsSmokingYoung Adult

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

19581814

Citation

Rebhan, Barbara, et al. "Infant Feeding Practices and Associated Factors Through the First 9 Months of Life in Bavaria, Germany." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, vol. 49, no. 4, 2009, pp. 467-73.
Rebhan B, Kohlhuber M, Schwegler U, et al. Infant feeding practices and associated factors through the first 9 months of life in Bavaria, Germany. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49(4):467-73.
Rebhan, B., Kohlhuber, M., Schwegler, U., Koletzko, B. V., & Fromme, H. (2009). Infant feeding practices and associated factors through the first 9 months of life in Bavaria, Germany. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 49(4), 467-73. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31819a4e1a
Rebhan B, et al. Infant Feeding Practices and Associated Factors Through the First 9 Months of Life in Bavaria, Germany. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49(4):467-73. PubMed PMID: 19581814.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Infant feeding practices and associated factors through the first 9 months of life in Bavaria, Germany. AU - Rebhan,Barbara, AU - Kohlhuber,Martina, AU - Schwegler,Ursula, AU - Koletzko,Berthold V, AU - Fromme,Hermann, PY - 2009/7/8/entrez PY - 2009/7/8/pubmed PY - 2010/5/15/medline SP - 467 EP - 73 JF - Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition JO - J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr VL - 49 IS - 4 N2 - OBJECTIVES: To investigate infant feeding and breast-feeding practices during the first 9 months of life in Bavaria, Germany, in relation to recommendations and to identify factors associated with early feeding of semisolid food. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 3103 infants throughout Bavaria, Germany, were collected in a prospective cohort study. Questionnaires were administered at the age of 6 days, and 2, 4, 6, and 9 months. RESULTS: There was a considerable variety concerning the time when complementary feeding was introduced. Only 16.4% of the infants ate solid/semisolid food before the age of 5 months. Most of the infants received as their first solid food a mash of vegetable, meat, and potato. Compared to national guidelines fluids were introduced early. More than 37% of the breast-fed infants received additional fluids/formula. The strongest risk factor associated with complementary feeding before the fifth month was breast-feeding duration of less than 4 months (any breast-feeding) with an odds ratio of 8.57 (95% confidence interval 6.16-11.94). Other factors were low level of education, young age of the mother, smoking habit of the mother, and mother not being born in Germany. CONCLUSIONS: Further improvements in nutrition of infants may be achieved in 2 ways: promotion of breast-feeding according to current recommendations and better counselling on the correct timing of introduction of semisolid food-especially for parents of not- or short-time breast-fed babies and focused on young mothers with low levels of education. SN - 1536-4801 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/19581814/Infant_feeding_practices_and_associated_factors_through_the_first_9_months_of_life_in_Bavaria_Germany_ L2 - https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31819a4e1a DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -