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Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and risks inside 66 US casinos.
Environ Res. 2011 May; 111(4):473-84.ER

Abstract

Smoking bans often exempt casinos, exposing occupants to fine particles (PM(2.5)) from secondhand smoke. We quantified the relative contributions to PM(2.5) from both secondhand smoke and infiltrating outdoor sources in US casinos. We measured real-time PM(2.5), particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH), and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) (as an index of ventilation rate) inside and outside 8 casinos in Reno, Nevada. We combined these data with data from previous studies, yielding a total of 66 US casinos with smoking in California, Delaware, Nevada, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, developing PM(2.5) frequency distributions, with 3 nonsmoking casinos for comparison. Geometric means for PM(2.5) were 53.8 μg/m(3) (range 18.5-205 μg/m(3)) inside smoking casinos, 4.3 μg/m(3) (range 0.26-29.7 μg/m(3)) outside those casinos, and 3.1 μg/m(3) (range 0.6-9 μg/m(3)) inside 3 nonsmoking casinos. In a subset of 21 Reno and Las Vegas smoking casinos, PM(2.5) in gaming areas averaged 45.2 μg/m(3) (95% CI, 37.7-52.7 μg/m(3)); adjacent nonsmoking casino restaurants averaged 27.2 μg/m(3) (95% CI, 17.5-36.9 μg/m(3)), while PM(2.5) outside the casinos averaged 3.9 μg/m(3) (95% CI, 2.5-5.3 μg/m(3)). For a subset of 10 Nevada and Pennsylvania smoking casinos, incremental (indoor-outdoor) PM(2.5) was correlated with incremental PPAH (R(2)=0.79), with ventilation rate-adjusted smoker density (R(2)=0.73), and with smoker density (R(2)=0.60), but not with ventilation rates (R(2)=0.15). PPAH levels in 8 smoking casinos in 3 states averaged 4 times outdoors. The nonsmoking casinos' PM(2.5) (n=3) did not differ from outdoor levels, nor did their PPAH (n=2). Incremental PM(2.5) from secondhand smoke in approximately half the smoking casinos exceeded a level known to produce cardiovascular morbidity in nonsmokers after less than 2h of exposure, posing acute health risks to patrons and workers. Casino ventilation and air cleaning practices failed to control secondhand smoke PM(2.5). Drifting PM(2.5) from secondhand smoke contaminated unseparated nonsmoking areas. Smoke-free casinos reduced PM(2.5) to the same low levels found outdoors.

Links

Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Repace JL
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. repace@comcast.net
Jiang RT
No affiliation info available
Acevedo-Bolton V
No affiliation info available
Cheng KC
No affiliation info available
Klepeis NE
No affiliation info available
Ott WR
No affiliation info available
Hildemann LM
No affiliation info available

MeSH

Air PollutantsAir Pollution, IndoorEnvironmental MonitoringHumansInhalation ExposureParticulate MatterRisk AssessmentTobacco Smoke PollutionUnited StatesVentilation

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

21440253

Citation

Repace, James L., et al. "Fine Particle Air Pollution and Secondhand Smoke Exposures and Risks Inside 66 US Casinos." Environmental Research, vol. 111, no. 4, 2011, pp. 473-84.
Repace JL, Jiang RT, Acevedo-Bolton V, et al. Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and risks inside 66 US casinos. Environ Res. 2011;111(4):473-84.
Repace, J. L., Jiang, R. T., Acevedo-Bolton, V., Cheng, K. C., Klepeis, N. E., Ott, W. R., & Hildemann, L. M. (2011). Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and risks inside 66 US casinos. Environmental Research, 111(4), 473-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.007
Repace JL, et al. Fine Particle Air Pollution and Secondhand Smoke Exposures and Risks Inside 66 US Casinos. Environ Res. 2011;111(4):473-84. PubMed PMID: 21440253.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and risks inside 66 US casinos. AU - Repace,James L, AU - Jiang,Ruo-Ting, AU - Acevedo-Bolton,Viviana, AU - Cheng,Kai-Chung, AU - Klepeis,Neil E, AU - Ott,Wayne R, AU - Hildemann,Lynn M, Y1 - 2011/03/25/ PY - 2010/04/28/received PY - 2011/02/07/revised PY - 2011/02/12/accepted PY - 2011/3/29/entrez PY - 2011/3/29/pubmed PY - 2011/6/23/medline SP - 473 EP - 84 JF - Environmental research JO - Environ Res VL - 111 IS - 4 N2 - Smoking bans often exempt casinos, exposing occupants to fine particles (PM(2.5)) from secondhand smoke. We quantified the relative contributions to PM(2.5) from both secondhand smoke and infiltrating outdoor sources in US casinos. We measured real-time PM(2.5), particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH), and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) (as an index of ventilation rate) inside and outside 8 casinos in Reno, Nevada. We combined these data with data from previous studies, yielding a total of 66 US casinos with smoking in California, Delaware, Nevada, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, developing PM(2.5) frequency distributions, with 3 nonsmoking casinos for comparison. Geometric means for PM(2.5) were 53.8 μg/m(3) (range 18.5-205 μg/m(3)) inside smoking casinos, 4.3 μg/m(3) (range 0.26-29.7 μg/m(3)) outside those casinos, and 3.1 μg/m(3) (range 0.6-9 μg/m(3)) inside 3 nonsmoking casinos. In a subset of 21 Reno and Las Vegas smoking casinos, PM(2.5) in gaming areas averaged 45.2 μg/m(3) (95% CI, 37.7-52.7 μg/m(3)); adjacent nonsmoking casino restaurants averaged 27.2 μg/m(3) (95% CI, 17.5-36.9 μg/m(3)), while PM(2.5) outside the casinos averaged 3.9 μg/m(3) (95% CI, 2.5-5.3 μg/m(3)). For a subset of 10 Nevada and Pennsylvania smoking casinos, incremental (indoor-outdoor) PM(2.5) was correlated with incremental PPAH (R(2)=0.79), with ventilation rate-adjusted smoker density (R(2)=0.73), and with smoker density (R(2)=0.60), but not with ventilation rates (R(2)=0.15). PPAH levels in 8 smoking casinos in 3 states averaged 4 times outdoors. The nonsmoking casinos' PM(2.5) (n=3) did not differ from outdoor levels, nor did their PPAH (n=2). Incremental PM(2.5) from secondhand smoke in approximately half the smoking casinos exceeded a level known to produce cardiovascular morbidity in nonsmokers after less than 2h of exposure, posing acute health risks to patrons and workers. Casino ventilation and air cleaning practices failed to control secondhand smoke PM(2.5). Drifting PM(2.5) from secondhand smoke contaminated unseparated nonsmoking areas. Smoke-free casinos reduced PM(2.5) to the same low levels found outdoors. SN - 1096-0953 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/21440253/Fine_particle_air_pollution_and_secondhand_smoke_exposures_and_risks_inside_66_US_casinos_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -