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Antibody responses to natural rattlesnake envenomation and a rattlesnake toxoid vaccine in horses.
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013 May; 20(5):732-7.CV

Abstract

Antivenom antibody titers following administration of rattlesnake venom for antivenom production in horses are well documented; however, antivenom antibody titers following natural rattlesnake envenomation in horses are not. Antibody titers produced in response to the commercially available rattlesnake venom vaccine are also not published. Our study objectives were to measure antivenom antibody titers in rattlesnake-bitten horses and compare them to titers in horses vaccinated with the rattlesnake venom vaccine. Additionally, titers were compared in pregnant versus nonpregnant horses to assess the affect of pregnancy on vaccine response and were measured pre- and postsuckle in foals of vaccinated mares to detect passive transfer of vaccine immunoglobulins. Blood samples were collected from 16 rattlesnake-bitten horses. Thirty-six horses (11 pregnant mares, 12 nonpregnant mares, 13 geldings) were vaccinated using a Crotalus atrox venom toxoid vaccine. Blood was collected before administering each vaccination and 30 days following the third vaccination. Blood was collected from foals of vaccinated mares pre- and postsuckle. All serum was assayed for anti-Crotalus atrox venom antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rattlesnake-bitten horses had higher (P = 0.001) titers than vaccinated horses. There was no significant difference between titers in vaccinated pregnant versus nonpregnant horses. One mare had a positive titer at foaling, and the foals had positive postsuckle titers. Antivenom antibody titer development was variable following natural envenomation and vaccination, and vaccine-induced titers were lower than natural envenomation titers. Further studies are required to determine if natural or vaccine antivenom antibody titers reduce the effects of envenomation.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Gilliam LL
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA. l.gilliam@okstate.edu
Carmichael RC
No affiliation info available
Holbrook TC
No affiliation info available
Taylor JM
No affiliation info available
Ownby CL
No affiliation info available
McFarlane D
No affiliation info available
Payton ME
No affiliation info available

MeSH

AnimalsAntibody FormationAntiveninsCrotalid VenomsCrotalusEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayFemaleHorse DiseasesHorsesMalePregnancyVaccination

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

23515015

Citation

Gilliam, Lyndi L., et al. "Antibody Responses to Natural Rattlesnake Envenomation and a Rattlesnake Toxoid Vaccine in Horses." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI, vol. 20, no. 5, 2013, pp. 732-7.
Gilliam LL, Carmichael RC, Holbrook TC, et al. Antibody responses to natural rattlesnake envenomation and a rattlesnake toxoid vaccine in horses. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20(5):732-7.
Gilliam, L. L., Carmichael, R. C., Holbrook, T. C., Taylor, J. M., Ownby, C. L., McFarlane, D., & Payton, M. E. (2013). Antibody responses to natural rattlesnake envenomation and a rattlesnake toxoid vaccine in horses. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI, 20(5), 732-7. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00004-13
Gilliam LL, et al. Antibody Responses to Natural Rattlesnake Envenomation and a Rattlesnake Toxoid Vaccine in Horses. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20(5):732-7. PubMed PMID: 23515015.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Antibody responses to natural rattlesnake envenomation and a rattlesnake toxoid vaccine in horses. AU - Gilliam,Lyndi L, AU - Carmichael,Robert C, AU - Holbrook,Todd C, AU - Taylor,Jennifer M, AU - Ownby,Charlotte L, AU - McFarlane,Dianne, AU - Payton,Mark E, Y1 - 2013/03/20/ PY - 2013/3/22/entrez PY - 2013/3/22/pubmed PY - 2014/2/4/medline SP - 732 EP - 7 JF - Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI JO - Clin Vaccine Immunol VL - 20 IS - 5 N2 - Antivenom antibody titers following administration of rattlesnake venom for antivenom production in horses are well documented; however, antivenom antibody titers following natural rattlesnake envenomation in horses are not. Antibody titers produced in response to the commercially available rattlesnake venom vaccine are also not published. Our study objectives were to measure antivenom antibody titers in rattlesnake-bitten horses and compare them to titers in horses vaccinated with the rattlesnake venom vaccine. Additionally, titers were compared in pregnant versus nonpregnant horses to assess the affect of pregnancy on vaccine response and were measured pre- and postsuckle in foals of vaccinated mares to detect passive transfer of vaccine immunoglobulins. Blood samples were collected from 16 rattlesnake-bitten horses. Thirty-six horses (11 pregnant mares, 12 nonpregnant mares, 13 geldings) were vaccinated using a Crotalus atrox venom toxoid vaccine. Blood was collected before administering each vaccination and 30 days following the third vaccination. Blood was collected from foals of vaccinated mares pre- and postsuckle. All serum was assayed for anti-Crotalus atrox venom antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rattlesnake-bitten horses had higher (P = 0.001) titers than vaccinated horses. There was no significant difference between titers in vaccinated pregnant versus nonpregnant horses. One mare had a positive titer at foaling, and the foals had positive postsuckle titers. Antivenom antibody titer development was variable following natural envenomation and vaccination, and vaccine-induced titers were lower than natural envenomation titers. Further studies are required to determine if natural or vaccine antivenom antibody titers reduce the effects of envenomation. SN - 1556-679X UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/23515015/Antibody_responses_to_natural_rattlesnake_envenomation_and_a_rattlesnake_toxoid_vaccine_in_horses_ L2 - https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/CVI.00004-13?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=pubmed DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -
Grapherence [↓1 ↑29]

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