TY - JOUR T1 - Teaching the basics of redox biology to medical and graduate students: Oxidants, antioxidants and disease mechanisms. A1 - Kalyanaraman,Balaraman, Y1 - 2013/02/08/ PY - 2013/01/14/received PY - 2013/01/21/revised PY - 2013/01/26/accepted PY - 2013/9/12/entrez PY - 2013/9/12/pubmed PY - 2013/9/12/medline KW - 4-HNE, hydroxynonenol KW - 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine KW - ATP, adenosine triphosphate KW - BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin KW - CAT, catalase KW - CGD, chronic granulomatous disease KW - CKD, chronic kidney disease KW - CO2, carbon dioxide KW - CO3–, carbonate radical KW - Cu2+, cupric ion KW - DOX, doxorubicin KW - EDRF, endothelial-derived relaxing factor KW - GPx, glutathione peroxidase KW - GSH, glutathione KW - GSSG, oxidized glutathione disulfide KW - GTP, guanosine triphosphate KW - H2O2, hydrogen peroxide KW - HOCl, hypochlorous acid KW - IC, intersystem crossing KW - Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 KW - LDL, low-density lipoprotein KW - LOOH, lipid hydroperoxide KW - LOO•, lipid peroxy radical KW - MC540, merocyanine 540 KW - MPO, myeloperoxidase KW - MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase KW - NOS, •NO synthase KW - NOX, NADPH oxidase KW - O2•–, superoxide KW - ONOOCO2−, nitrosoperoxycarbonate KW - ONOOH, peroxynitrous acid KW - ONOO−, peroxynitrite KW - OS, oxidative stress KW - PDT, photodynamic therapy KW - Peroxynitrite KW - RNS, reactive nitrogen species KW - ROS, reactive oxygen species KW - Reactive oxygen species KW - Reperfusion injury KW - SOD, superoxide dismutase KW - Superoxide KW - XD, xanthine dehydrogenase KW - XO, xanthine oxidase KW - cGMP, cyclic GMP KW - eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase or NOS-3 KW - iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase or NOS-2 KW - nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase or NOS-1 KW - sGC, soluble guanylyl cyclase KW - •NO, nitric oxide KW - •OH, hydroxyl radical SP - 244 EP - 57 JF - Redox biology JO - Redox Biol VL - 1 N2 - This article provides a succinct but limited overview of the protective and deleterious effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in a clinical context. Reactive oxygen species include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, single oxygen and lipid peroxides. Reactive nitrogen species include species derived from nitric oxide. This review gives a brief overview of the reaction chemistry of these species, the role of various enzymes involved in the generation and detoxification of these species in disease mechanisms and drug toxicity and the protective role of dietary antioxidants. I hope that the graphical review will be helpful for teaching both the first year medical and graduate students in the U.S. and abroad the fundamentals of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in redox biology and clinical medicine. SN - 2213-2317 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/24024158/Teaching_the_basics_of_redox_biology_to_medical_and_graduate_students:_Oxidants_antioxidants_and_disease_mechanisms_ L2 - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/REDOX34 DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -