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Evaluating efficacy of field-generated electrochemical oxidants on disinfection of fomites using bacteriophage MS2 and mouse norovirus MNV-1 as pathogenic virus surrogates.
Food Environ Virol. 2014 Jun; 6(2):145-55.FE

Abstract

Surface disinfection, as part of environmental hygiene practices, is an efficient barrier to gastroenteritis transmission. However, surface disinfectants may be difficult to obtain in remote, resource-limited, or disaster relief settings. Electrochemical oxidants (ECO) are chlorine-based disinfectants that can be generated using battery power to electrolyze brine (NaCl) solutions. Electrolysis generates a mixed-oxidant solution that contains both chlorine (HOCl, OCl(-)) and reactive oxygen species (e.g., ·OH, O3, H2O2, and ·O2-) capable of inactivating pathogens. One onsite generator of ECO is the Smart Electrochlorinator 200 (SE-200, Cascade Designs, Inc.). In a laboratory study, we assessed ECO surface disinfection efficacy for two gastrointestinal virus surrogates: bacteriophage MS2 and murine norovirus MNV-1. We quantified both infectivity and nucleic acid inactivation using culture-dependent and independent assays. At free available chlorine concentrations of 2,500 ppm and a contact time of 30 s, ECO inactivation of infective MS2 bacteriophage exceeded 7 log10 compared to MNV-1 disinfection of approximately 2 log10. Genomic RNA inactivation was less than infective virus inactivation: MS2 RNA inactivation was approximately 5 log10 compared to MNV-1 RNA inactivation of approximately 1.5 log10. The results are similar to inactivation efficacy of household bleach when used at similar free available chlorine concentrations. Our work demonstrates the potential of ECO solutions, generated onsite, to be used for surface disinfection.

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Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Julian TR
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
Trumble JM
No affiliation info available
Schwab KJ
No affiliation info available

MeSH

AnimalsBacteriophagesDisinfectantsDisinfectionElectrochemistryFomitesMiceNorovirusOxidantsVirus Inactivation

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

24562764

Citation

Julian, Timothy R., et al. "Evaluating Efficacy of Field-generated Electrochemical Oxidants On Disinfection of Fomites Using Bacteriophage MS2 and Mouse Norovirus MNV-1 as Pathogenic Virus Surrogates." Food and Environmental Virology, vol. 6, no. 2, 2014, pp. 145-55.
Julian TR, Trumble JM, Schwab KJ. Evaluating efficacy of field-generated electrochemical oxidants on disinfection of fomites using bacteriophage MS2 and mouse norovirus MNV-1 as pathogenic virus surrogates. Food Environ Virol. 2014;6(2):145-55.
Julian, T. R., Trumble, J. M., & Schwab, K. J. (2014). Evaluating efficacy of field-generated electrochemical oxidants on disinfection of fomites using bacteriophage MS2 and mouse norovirus MNV-1 as pathogenic virus surrogates. Food and Environmental Virology, 6(2), 145-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9136-6
Julian TR, Trumble JM, Schwab KJ. Evaluating Efficacy of Field-generated Electrochemical Oxidants On Disinfection of Fomites Using Bacteriophage MS2 and Mouse Norovirus MNV-1 as Pathogenic Virus Surrogates. Food Environ Virol. 2014;6(2):145-55. PubMed PMID: 24562764.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Evaluating efficacy of field-generated electrochemical oxidants on disinfection of fomites using bacteriophage MS2 and mouse norovirus MNV-1 as pathogenic virus surrogates. AU - Julian,Timothy R, AU - Trumble,John M, AU - Schwab,Kellogg J, Y1 - 2014/02/23/ PY - 2013/10/22/received PY - 2014/02/10/accepted PY - 2014/2/25/entrez PY - 2014/2/25/pubmed PY - 2015/3/31/medline SP - 145 EP - 55 JF - Food and environmental virology JO - Food Environ Virol VL - 6 IS - 2 N2 - Surface disinfection, as part of environmental hygiene practices, is an efficient barrier to gastroenteritis transmission. However, surface disinfectants may be difficult to obtain in remote, resource-limited, or disaster relief settings. Electrochemical oxidants (ECO) are chlorine-based disinfectants that can be generated using battery power to electrolyze brine (NaCl) solutions. Electrolysis generates a mixed-oxidant solution that contains both chlorine (HOCl, OCl(-)) and reactive oxygen species (e.g., ·OH, O3, H2O2, and ·O2-) capable of inactivating pathogens. One onsite generator of ECO is the Smart Electrochlorinator 200 (SE-200, Cascade Designs, Inc.). In a laboratory study, we assessed ECO surface disinfection efficacy for two gastrointestinal virus surrogates: bacteriophage MS2 and murine norovirus MNV-1. We quantified both infectivity and nucleic acid inactivation using culture-dependent and independent assays. At free available chlorine concentrations of 2,500 ppm and a contact time of 30 s, ECO inactivation of infective MS2 bacteriophage exceeded 7 log10 compared to MNV-1 disinfection of approximately 2 log10. Genomic RNA inactivation was less than infective virus inactivation: MS2 RNA inactivation was approximately 5 log10 compared to MNV-1 RNA inactivation of approximately 1.5 log10. The results are similar to inactivation efficacy of household bleach when used at similar free available chlorine concentrations. Our work demonstrates the potential of ECO solutions, generated onsite, to be used for surface disinfection. SN - 1867-0342 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/24562764/Evaluating_efficacy_of_field_generated_electrochemical_oxidants_on_disinfection_of_fomites_using_bacteriophage_MS2_and_mouse_norovirus_MNV_1_as_pathogenic_virus_surrogates_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -