Abstract
BACKGROUND
Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common hair loss condition in men and women. Hair loss is caused by follicle miniaturization, which is largely irreversible beyond a certain degree of follicular regression. In contrast, hair loss in telogen effluvium (TE) is readily reversible. The arrector pili muscle (APM) connects the follicle to the surrounding skin.
OBJECTIVES
To compare histopathological features of the APM in AGA and TE.
METHODS
Archival blocks of 4-mm scalp punch biopsies from eight patients with AGA and five with TE were obtained. New 4-mm biopsies from five normal cases were used as controls. Serial 7-μm sections were stained with a modified Masson's trichrome stain. 'Reconstruct' software was used to construct and evaluate three-dimensional images of the follicle and APM.
RESULTS
The APM degenerated and was replaced by adipose tissue in all AGA specimens. Remnants of the APM remained attached to the hair follicle. There was no fat in the normal skin specimens. Fat was seen in two of five TE specimens but could be attributed to these patients also showing evidence of AGA. Quantitative analysis showed that muscle volume decreased and fat volume increased significantly (P < 0·05) in AGA compared with controls.
CONCLUSIONS
APM degeneration and replacement with fat in AGA has not previously been described. The underlying mechanism remains to be determined. However, we speculate that this phenomenon might be related to depletion of stem or progenitor cells from the follicle mesenchyme, explaining why AGA is treatment resistant.
TY - JOUR
T1 - Destruction of the arrector pili muscle and fat infiltration in androgenic alopecia.
AU - Torkamani,N,
AU - Rufaut,N W,
AU - Jones,L,
AU - Sinclair,R,
PY - 2014/02/20/accepted
PY - 2014/3/4/entrez
PY - 2014/3/4/pubmed
PY - 2016/3/29/medline
SP - 1291
EP - 8
JF - The British journal of dermatology
JO - Br J Dermatol
VL - 170
IS - 6
N2 - BACKGROUND: Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common hair loss condition in men and women. Hair loss is caused by follicle miniaturization, which is largely irreversible beyond a certain degree of follicular regression. In contrast, hair loss in telogen effluvium (TE) is readily reversible. The arrector pili muscle (APM) connects the follicle to the surrounding skin. OBJECTIVES: To compare histopathological features of the APM in AGA and TE. METHODS: Archival blocks of 4-mm scalp punch biopsies from eight patients with AGA and five with TE were obtained. New 4-mm biopsies from five normal cases were used as controls. Serial 7-μm sections were stained with a modified Masson's trichrome stain. 'Reconstruct' software was used to construct and evaluate three-dimensional images of the follicle and APM. RESULTS: The APM degenerated and was replaced by adipose tissue in all AGA specimens. Remnants of the APM remained attached to the hair follicle. There was no fat in the normal skin specimens. Fat was seen in two of five TE specimens but could be attributed to these patients also showing evidence of AGA. Quantitative analysis showed that muscle volume decreased and fat volume increased significantly (P < 0·05) in AGA compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: APM degeneration and replacement with fat in AGA has not previously been described. The underlying mechanism remains to be determined. However, we speculate that this phenomenon might be related to depletion of stem or progenitor cells from the follicle mesenchyme, explaining why AGA is treatment resistant.
SN - 1365-2133
UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/24579818/Destruction_of_the_arrector_pili_muscle_and_fat_infiltration_in_androgenic_alopecia_
DB - PRIME
DP - Unbound Medicine
ER -
