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Patterns of adherence to and compliance with the Portuguese smoke-free law in the leisure-hospitality sector.
PLoS One. 2014; 9(7):e102421.Plos

Abstract

BACKGROUND

In 2008, the Portuguese smoke-free law came into effect including partial bans in the leisure-hospitality (LH) sector. The objective of the study is to assess the prevalence of smoking control policies (total ban, smoking permission and designated smoking areas) adopted by the LH sector in Portugal. The levels of noncompliance with each policy are investigated as well as the main factors associated with smoking permission and noncompliance with the law.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study conducted between January 2010 and May 2011. A random sample of venues was selected from the Portuguese LH sector database, proportionally stratified according to type, size and geographical area. All venues were assessed in loco by an observer. The independent effects of venues' characteristics on smoking permission and the level of noncompliance with the law were explored using logistic regression.

RESULTS

Overall, 1.412 venues were included. Total ban policy was adopted by 75.9% of venues, while 8.4% had designated smoking areas. Smoking ban was more prevalent in restaurants (85.9%). Only 29.7% of discos/bars/pubs opted for complete ban. Full or partial smoking permission was higher in discos/bar/pubs (OR = 7.37; 95%CI 4.87 to 11.17). Noncompliance with the law was higher in venues allowing smoking and lower in places with complete ban (33.6% and 7.6% respectively, p<0.001). Discos/bars/pubs with full smoking permission had the highest level of noncompliance (OR = 3.31; 95%CI 1.40 to 7.83).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings show a high adherence to smoking ban policy by the Portuguese LH sector. Nonetheless, one quarter of the venues is fully or partially permissive towards smoking, with the discos/bars/pubs considerably contributing to this situation. Venues with smoking permission policies were less compliant with the legislation. The implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free law, without any exceptions, is essential to effectively protect people from the second hand smoke.

Links

PMC Free PDF

Authors+Show Affiliations

Reis MF
Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Namorado S
Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Aguiar P
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Precioso J
Instituto de Educação, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
Nunes B
Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
Veloso L
Clinical Data Unit, Eurotrials, Lisboa, Portugal.
Santos S
Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Miguel JP
Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.

MeSH

Air Pollution, IndoorCross-Sectional StudiesGuideline AdherenceHumansLeisure ActivitiesPortugalPublic PolicyRestaurantsSmokingTobacco Smoke Pollution

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Observational Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

25036725

Citation

Reis, Maria Fátima, et al. "Patterns of Adherence to and Compliance With the Portuguese Smoke-free Law in the Leisure-hospitality Sector." PloS One, vol. 9, no. 7, 2014, pp. e102421.
Reis MF, Namorado S, Aguiar P, et al. Patterns of adherence to and compliance with the Portuguese smoke-free law in the leisure-hospitality sector. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e102421.
Reis, M. F., Namorado, S., Aguiar, P., Precioso, J., Nunes, B., Veloso, L., Santos, S., & Miguel, J. P. (2014). Patterns of adherence to and compliance with the Portuguese smoke-free law in the leisure-hospitality sector. PloS One, 9(7), e102421. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102421
Reis MF, et al. Patterns of Adherence to and Compliance With the Portuguese Smoke-free Law in the Leisure-hospitality Sector. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e102421. PubMed PMID: 25036725.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Patterns of adherence to and compliance with the Portuguese smoke-free law in the leisure-hospitality sector. AU - Reis,Maria Fátima, AU - Namorado,Sónia, AU - Aguiar,Pedro, AU - Precioso,José, AU - Nunes,Baltazar, AU - Veloso,Luís, AU - Santos,Sandra, AU - Miguel,José Pereira, Y1 - 2014/07/18/ PY - 2014/03/07/received PY - 2014/06/18/accepted PY - 2014/7/19/entrez PY - 2014/7/19/pubmed PY - 2015/12/15/medline SP - e102421 EP - e102421 JF - PloS one JO - PLoS One VL - 9 IS - 7 N2 - BACKGROUND: In 2008, the Portuguese smoke-free law came into effect including partial bans in the leisure-hospitality (LH) sector. The objective of the study is to assess the prevalence of smoking control policies (total ban, smoking permission and designated smoking areas) adopted by the LH sector in Portugal. The levels of noncompliance with each policy are investigated as well as the main factors associated with smoking permission and noncompliance with the law. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted between January 2010 and May 2011. A random sample of venues was selected from the Portuguese LH sector database, proportionally stratified according to type, size and geographical area. All venues were assessed in loco by an observer. The independent effects of venues' characteristics on smoking permission and the level of noncompliance with the law were explored using logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall, 1.412 venues were included. Total ban policy was adopted by 75.9% of venues, while 8.4% had designated smoking areas. Smoking ban was more prevalent in restaurants (85.9%). Only 29.7% of discos/bars/pubs opted for complete ban. Full or partial smoking permission was higher in discos/bar/pubs (OR = 7.37; 95%CI 4.87 to 11.17). Noncompliance with the law was higher in venues allowing smoking and lower in places with complete ban (33.6% and 7.6% respectively, p<0.001). Discos/bars/pubs with full smoking permission had the highest level of noncompliance (OR = 3.31; 95%CI 1.40 to 7.83). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show a high adherence to smoking ban policy by the Portuguese LH sector. Nonetheless, one quarter of the venues is fully or partially permissive towards smoking, with the discos/bars/pubs considerably contributing to this situation. Venues with smoking permission policies were less compliant with the legislation. The implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free law, without any exceptions, is essential to effectively protect people from the second hand smoke. SN - 1932-6203 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/25036725/Patterns_of_adherence_to_and_compliance_with_the_Portuguese_smoke_free_law_in_the_leisure_hospitality_sector_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -