Abstract
BACKGROUND
Understanding changes in profiles of eating behaviors over time may provide insights into contributors to upward trajectories of obesity in the US population. Yet little is known about whether or not characteristics of meal and snack eating behaviors reported by adult Americans have changed over time.
OBJECTIVE
To examine time trends in the distribution of day's intake into individual meal and snack behaviors and related attributes in the US adult population.
DESIGN
The study was observational with cross-sectional data from national surveys fielded over 40 years.
PARTICIPANTS/SETTING
Nationally representative dietary data from nine National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted from 1971-1974 to 2009-2010 (N=62,298 participants aged 20-74 years) were used to describe eating behaviors.
OUTCOMES EXAMINED
The respondent-labeled eating behaviors examined included main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner), and snacks (before breakfast, between breakfast and lunch, between lunch and dinner, after dinner, or other). For each eating behavior, percent of reporters, relative contribution to 24-hour energy intake, the clock time of report, and intermeal/snack intervals were examined.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Multivariable logistic and linear regression methods for analysis of complex survey data adjusted for characteristics of respondents in each survey.
RESULTS
Over the 40-year span examined reports of each individual named main meal (or all three main meals) declined, but reports of only two out of three meals or the same meal more than once increased; the percentage of 24-hour energy from snacks reported between lunch and dinner or snacks that displaced meals increased; clock times of breakfast and lunch were later, and intervals between dinner and after-dinner snack were shorter. Changes in several snack reporting behaviors (eg, report of any snack or ≥2 snacks), were significant in women only.
CONCLUSIONS
Several meal and snack eating behaviors of American adults changed over time, with a greater change in snack behaviors of women relative to men.
TY - JOUR
T1 - 40-year trends in meal and snack eating behaviors of American adults.
AU - Kant,Ashima K,
AU - Graubard,Barry I,
Y1 - 2014/08/01/
PY - 2014/01/28/received
PY - 2014/06/11/accepted
PY - 2014/8/5/entrez
PY - 2014/8/5/pubmed
PY - 2015/2/24/medline
KW - Eating behavior
KW - Intermeal intervals
KW - Meal and snack patterns
KW - National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
KW - Time of eating
SP - 50
EP - 63
JF - Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
JO - J Acad Nutr Diet
VL - 115
IS - 1
N2 - BACKGROUND: Understanding changes in profiles of eating behaviors over time may provide insights into contributors to upward trajectories of obesity in the US population. Yet little is known about whether or not characteristics of meal and snack eating behaviors reported by adult Americans have changed over time. OBJECTIVE: To examine time trends in the distribution of day's intake into individual meal and snack behaviors and related attributes in the US adult population. DESIGN: The study was observational with cross-sectional data from national surveys fielded over 40 years. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Nationally representative dietary data from nine National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted from 1971-1974 to 2009-2010 (N=62,298 participants aged 20-74 years) were used to describe eating behaviors. OUTCOMES EXAMINED: The respondent-labeled eating behaviors examined included main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner), and snacks (before breakfast, between breakfast and lunch, between lunch and dinner, after dinner, or other). For each eating behavior, percent of reporters, relative contribution to 24-hour energy intake, the clock time of report, and intermeal/snack intervals were examined. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Multivariable logistic and linear regression methods for analysis of complex survey data adjusted for characteristics of respondents in each survey. RESULTS: Over the 40-year span examined reports of each individual named main meal (or all three main meals) declined, but reports of only two out of three meals or the same meal more than once increased; the percentage of 24-hour energy from snacks reported between lunch and dinner or snacks that displaced meals increased; clock times of breakfast and lunch were later, and intervals between dinner and after-dinner snack were shorter. Changes in several snack reporting behaviors (eg, report of any snack or ≥2 snacks), were significant in women only. CONCLUSIONS: Several meal and snack eating behaviors of American adults changed over time, with a greater change in snack behaviors of women relative to men.
SN - 2212-2672
UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/25088521/40_year_trends_in_meal_and_snack_eating_behaviors_of_American_adults_
L2 - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212-2672(14)01023-5
DB - PRIME
DP - Unbound Medicine
ER -