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Distribution and chemical fate of ³⁶Cl-chlorine dioxide gas during the fumigation of tomatoes and cantaloupe.
J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Dec 03; 62(48):11756-66.JA

Abstract

The distribution and chemical fate of (36)Cl-ClO2 gas subsequent to fumigation of tomatoes or cantaloupe was investigated as were major factors that affect the formation of chloroxyanion byproducts. Approximately 22% of the generated (36)Cl-ClO2 was present on fumigated tomatoes after a 2 h exposure to approximately 5 mg of (36)Cl-ClO2. A water rinse removed 14% of the radiochlorine while tomato homogenate contained ∼63% of the tomato radioactivity; 24% of the radiochlorine was present in the tomato stem scar area. Radioactivity in tomato homogenate consisted of (36)Cl-chloride (≥80%), (36)Cl-chlorate (5 to 19%), and perchlorate (0.5 to 1.4%). In cantaloupe, 55% of the generated (36)Cl-ClO2 was present on melons fumigated with 100 mg of (36)Cl-ClO2 for a 2 h period. Edible cantaloupe flesh contained no detectable radioactive residue (LOQ = 0.3 to 0.4 μg/g); >99.9% of radioactivity associated with cantaloupe was on the inedible rind, with <0.1% associated with the seed bed. Rind radioactivity was present as (36)Cl-chloride (∼86%), chlorate (∼13%), and perchlorate (∼0.6%). Absent from tomatoes and cantaloupe were (36)Cl-chlorite residues. Follow-up studies have shown that chlorate and perchlorate formation can be completely eliminated by protecting fumigation chambers from light sources.

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Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Smith DJ
Biosciences Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States.
Ernst W
No affiliation info available
Giddings JM
No affiliation info available

MeSH

ChloratesChlorineChlorine CompoundsCucumis meloFumigationGasesIsotopesSolanum lycopersicumOxidesPerchlorates

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Language

eng

PubMed ID

25409284

Citation

Smith, D J., et al. "Distribution and Chemical Fate of ³⁶Cl-chlorine Dioxide Gas During the Fumigation of Tomatoes and Cantaloupe." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 62, no. 48, 2014, pp. 11756-66.
Smith DJ, Ernst W, Giddings JM. Distribution and chemical fate of ³⁶Cl-chlorine dioxide gas during the fumigation of tomatoes and cantaloupe. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(48):11756-66.
Smith, D. J., Ernst, W., & Giddings, J. M. (2014). Distribution and chemical fate of ³⁶Cl-chlorine dioxide gas during the fumigation of tomatoes and cantaloupe. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(48), 11756-66. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf504097p
Smith DJ, Ernst W, Giddings JM. Distribution and Chemical Fate of ³⁶Cl-chlorine Dioxide Gas During the Fumigation of Tomatoes and Cantaloupe. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Dec 3;62(48):11756-66. PubMed PMID: 25409284.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Distribution and chemical fate of ³⁶Cl-chlorine dioxide gas during the fumigation of tomatoes and cantaloupe. AU - Smith,D J, AU - Ernst,W, AU - Giddings,J M, Y1 - 2014/11/19/ PY - 2014/11/20/entrez PY - 2014/11/20/pubmed PY - 2015/7/28/medline KW - cantaloupe KW - chlorate KW - chlorine dioxide KW - chloroxyanion KW - food safety KW - fumigation KW - perchlorate KW - tomato SP - 11756 EP - 66 JF - Journal of agricultural and food chemistry JO - J Agric Food Chem VL - 62 IS - 48 N2 - The distribution and chemical fate of (36)Cl-ClO2 gas subsequent to fumigation of tomatoes or cantaloupe was investigated as were major factors that affect the formation of chloroxyanion byproducts. Approximately 22% of the generated (36)Cl-ClO2 was present on fumigated tomatoes after a 2 h exposure to approximately 5 mg of (36)Cl-ClO2. A water rinse removed 14% of the radiochlorine while tomato homogenate contained ∼63% of the tomato radioactivity; 24% of the radiochlorine was present in the tomato stem scar area. Radioactivity in tomato homogenate consisted of (36)Cl-chloride (≥80%), (36)Cl-chlorate (5 to 19%), and perchlorate (0.5 to 1.4%). In cantaloupe, 55% of the generated (36)Cl-ClO2 was present on melons fumigated with 100 mg of (36)Cl-ClO2 for a 2 h period. Edible cantaloupe flesh contained no detectable radioactive residue (LOQ = 0.3 to 0.4 μg/g); >99.9% of radioactivity associated with cantaloupe was on the inedible rind, with <0.1% associated with the seed bed. Rind radioactivity was present as (36)Cl-chloride (∼86%), chlorate (∼13%), and perchlorate (∼0.6%). Absent from tomatoes and cantaloupe were (36)Cl-chlorite residues. Follow-up studies have shown that chlorate and perchlorate formation can be completely eliminated by protecting fumigation chambers from light sources. SN - 1520-5118 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/25409284/Distribution_and_chemical_fate_of_³⁶Cl_chlorine_dioxide_gas_during_the_fumigation_of_tomatoes_and_cantaloupe_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -