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A Reverse J-Shaped Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: The CopD Study.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun; 100(6):2339-46.JC

Abstract

CONTEXT

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in the Western world, but the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to determine the association between cardiovascular, stroke, and acute myocardial infarct mortality and serum levels of 25(OH)D.

DESIGN

This was an observational cohort study, the Copenhagen vitamin D study, data from a single laboratory center in Copenhagen, Denmark. Follow-up was from 2004 to 2011.

SETTING

Serum 25(OH)D was analyzed from 247 574 subjects from the Copenhagen general practice sector.

PARTICIPANTS

Examination of the association 25(OH)D levels and mortality from cardiovascular disease, stroke, and acute myocardial infarct was performed among 161 428 women and 86 146 men.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

A multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to compute hazard ratios for cardiovascular, stroke, and acute myocardial infarct mortality.

RESULTS

Of 247 574 subjects, a total of 16 645 subjects died in the ensuing 0-7 years. A total of 5454 died from cardiovascular disease including 1574 from stroke and 702 from acute myocardial infarct. The 25(OH)D level of 70 nmol/L was associated with the lowest cardiovascular disease mortality risk. Compared with that level, the hazard ratio for cardiovascular disease mortality was 2.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-2.1] at the lower extreme (∼ 12.5 nmol/L) with a higher risk for men [2.5 (95% CI 2.2-2.9)] than for women [1.7 (95% CI 1.5-1.9)]. At the higher extreme (∼ 125 nmol/L), the hazard ratio of cardiovascular disease mortality was 1.3 (95% CI 1.2-1.4), with a similar risk among men and women. Results were similar for stroke and acute myocardial subgroups.

CONCLUSIONS

In this large observational study, low and high levels of 25(OH)D were associated with cardiovascular disease, stroke, and acute myocardial mortality in a nonlinear, reverse J-shaped manner, with the highest risk at lower levels. Whether this was a causal or associational finding cannot be determined from our data. There is a need for randomized clinical trials that include information on the effects of 25(OH)D levels greater than 100 nmol/L.

Links

Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Durup D
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology (D.D.M., A.-M.H.), and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (P.S.), University of Copenhagen, 2650 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (H.L.J.), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society Research Center (J.C., A.T., A.O., J.H.), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Elective Laboratory of the Capital Region (B.L.) and the Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis (P.S.), Department of Medicine M, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
Jørgensen HL
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology (D.D.M., A.-M.H.), and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (P.S.), University of Copenhagen, 2650 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (H.L.J.), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society Research Center (J.C., A.T., A.O., J.H.), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Elective Laboratory of the Capital Region (B.L.) and the Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis (P.S.), Department of Medicine M, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
Christensen J
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology (D.D.M., A.-M.H.), and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (P.S.), University of Copenhagen, 2650 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (H.L.J.), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society Research Center (J.C., A.T., A.O., J.H.), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Elective Laboratory of the Capital Region (B.L.) and the Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis (P.S.), Department of Medicine M, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
Tjønneland A
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology (D.D.M., A.-M.H.), and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (P.S.), University of Copenhagen, 2650 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (H.L.J.), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society Research Center (J.C., A.T., A.O., J.H.), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Elective Laboratory of the Capital Region (B.L.) and the Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis (P.S.), Department of Medicine M, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
Olsen A
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology (D.D.M., A.-M.H.), and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (P.S.), University of Copenhagen, 2650 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (H.L.J.), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society Research Center (J.C., A.T., A.O., J.H.), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Elective Laboratory of the Capital Region (B.L.) and the Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis (P.S.), Department of Medicine M, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
Halkjær J
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology (D.D.M., A.-M.H.), and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (P.S.), University of Copenhagen, 2650 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (H.L.J.), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society Research Center (J.C., A.T., A.O., J.H.), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Elective Laboratory of the Capital Region (B.L.) and the Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis (P.S.), Department of Medicine M, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
Lind B
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology (D.D.M., A.-M.H.), and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (P.S.), University of Copenhagen, 2650 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (H.L.J.), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society Research Center (J.C., A.T., A.O., J.H.), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Elective Laboratory of the Capital Region (B.L.) and the Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis (P.S.), Department of Medicine M, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
Heegaard AM
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology (D.D.M., A.-M.H.), and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (P.S.), University of Copenhagen, 2650 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (H.L.J.), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society Research Center (J.C., A.T., A.O., J.H.), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Elective Laboratory of the Capital Region (B.L.) and the Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis (P.S.), Department of Medicine M, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
Schwarz P
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology (D.D.M., A.-M.H.), and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (P.S.), University of Copenhagen, 2650 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (H.L.J.), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society Research Center (J.C., A.T., A.O., J.H.), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Elective Laboratory of the Capital Region (B.L.) and the Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis (P.S.), Department of Medicine M, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.

MeSH

AdultAgedCardiovascular DiseasesCause of DeathDenmarkFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedMyocardial InfarctionStrokeVitamin DVitamin D Deficiency

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Observational Study

Language

eng

PubMed ID

25710567

Citation

Durup, Darshana, et al. "A Reverse J-Shaped Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: the CopD Study." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 100, no. 6, 2015, pp. 2339-46.
Durup D, Jørgensen HL, Christensen J, et al. A Reverse J-Shaped Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: The CopD Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(6):2339-46.
Durup, D., Jørgensen, H. L., Christensen, J., Tjønneland, A., Olsen, A., Halkjær, J., Lind, B., Heegaard, A. M., & Schwarz, P. (2015). A Reverse J-Shaped Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: The CopD Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 100(6), 2339-46. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4551
Durup D, et al. A Reverse J-Shaped Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: the CopD Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(6):2339-46. PubMed PMID: 25710567.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - A Reverse J-Shaped Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: The CopD Study. AU - Durup,Darshana, AU - Jørgensen,Henrik Løvendahl, AU - Christensen,Jane, AU - Tjønneland,Anne, AU - Olsen,Anja, AU - Halkjær,Jytte, AU - Lind,Bent, AU - Heegaard,Anne-Marie, AU - Schwarz,Peter, Y1 - 2015/02/24/ PY - 2015/2/25/entrez PY - 2015/2/25/pubmed PY - 2015/9/1/medline SP - 2339 EP - 46 JF - The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism JO - J Clin Endocrinol Metab VL - 100 IS - 6 N2 - CONTEXT: Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in the Western world, but the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the association between cardiovascular, stroke, and acute myocardial infarct mortality and serum levels of 25(OH)D. DESIGN: This was an observational cohort study, the Copenhagen vitamin D study, data from a single laboratory center in Copenhagen, Denmark. Follow-up was from 2004 to 2011. SETTING: Serum 25(OH)D was analyzed from 247 574 subjects from the Copenhagen general practice sector. PARTICIPANTS: Examination of the association 25(OH)D levels and mortality from cardiovascular disease, stroke, and acute myocardial infarct was performed among 161 428 women and 86 146 men. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to compute hazard ratios for cardiovascular, stroke, and acute myocardial infarct mortality. RESULTS: Of 247 574 subjects, a total of 16 645 subjects died in the ensuing 0-7 years. A total of 5454 died from cardiovascular disease including 1574 from stroke and 702 from acute myocardial infarct. The 25(OH)D level of 70 nmol/L was associated with the lowest cardiovascular disease mortality risk. Compared with that level, the hazard ratio for cardiovascular disease mortality was 2.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-2.1] at the lower extreme (∼ 12.5 nmol/L) with a higher risk for men [2.5 (95% CI 2.2-2.9)] than for women [1.7 (95% CI 1.5-1.9)]. At the higher extreme (∼ 125 nmol/L), the hazard ratio of cardiovascular disease mortality was 1.3 (95% CI 1.2-1.4), with a similar risk among men and women. Results were similar for stroke and acute myocardial subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: In this large observational study, low and high levels of 25(OH)D were associated with cardiovascular disease, stroke, and acute myocardial mortality in a nonlinear, reverse J-shaped manner, with the highest risk at lower levels. Whether this was a causal or associational finding cannot be determined from our data. There is a need for randomized clinical trials that include information on the effects of 25(OH)D levels greater than 100 nmol/L. SN - 1945-7197 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/25710567/A_Reverse_J_Shaped_Association_Between_Serum_25_Hydroxyvitamin_D_and_Cardiovascular_Disease_Mortality:_The_CopD_Study_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -