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Comparison of the protective effect of a commercially available western diamondback rattlesnake toxoid vaccine for dogs against envenomation of mice with western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox), northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus oreganus), and southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) venom.
Am J Vet Res. 2015 Mar; 76(3):272-9.AJ

Abstract

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate effectiveness of a commercially available toxoid manufactured from western diamondback (WD) rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom against envenomation of mice with WD, northern Pacific (NP) rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus oreganus), and southern Pacific (SP) rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) venom.

ANIMALS

90 specific pathogen-free female mice.

PROCEDURES

Mice were allocated into 3 cohorts (30 mice/cohort). Mice received SC injections of C atrox toxoid (CAT) vaccine (n = 15/group) or adjuvant (15/group) at day 0 and again at 4 weeks. At 8 weeks, mice were challenge-exposed with 1 of 3 venoms. Survival until 48 hours was evaluated by use of log-rank analysis of survival curves and the z test for proportions.

RESULTS

6 of 15 WD-challenged CAT-vaccinated mice, 3 of 15 NP-challenged CAT-vaccinated mice, and 0 of 15 SP-challenged CAT-vaccinated mice survived until 48 hours. All adjuvant-only vaccinates survived ≤ 21 hours. Mean survival time of CAT vaccinates was longer than that of adjuvant-only vaccinates for all venoms (1,311 vs 368 minutes for WD, 842 vs 284 minutes for NP, and 697 vs 585 minutes for SP). Results of the z test indicated a significantly increased survival rate for vaccinates exposed to WD rattlesnake venom but not for vaccinates exposed to NP or SP rattlesnake venom. Log-rank analysis revealed a significant difference between survival curves of vaccinated versus unvaccinated mice exposed to NP but not WD or SP venom.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

CAT vaccination improved survival rate and survival time after challenge exposure with WD rattlesnake venom and may offer limited protection against NP rattlesnake venom but did not provide significant cross-protection against SP rattlesnake venom.

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Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Cates CC
Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
Valore EV
No affiliation info available
Couto MA
No affiliation info available
Lawson GW
No affiliation info available
McCabe JG
No affiliation info available

MeSH

AnimalsCrotalid VenomsCrotalusDog DiseasesDogsFemaleMiceSnake BitesSpecific Pathogen-Free OrganismsVaccination

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

25710764

Citation

Cates, Charles C., et al. "Comparison of the Protective Effect of a Commercially Available Western Diamondback Rattlesnake Toxoid Vaccine for Dogs Against Envenomation of Mice With Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus Atrox), Northern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus Oreganus Oreganus), and Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus Oreganus Helleri) Venom." American Journal of Veterinary Research, vol. 76, no. 3, 2015, pp. 272-9.
Cates CC, Valore EV, Couto MA, et al. Comparison of the protective effect of a commercially available western diamondback rattlesnake toxoid vaccine for dogs against envenomation of mice with western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox), northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus oreganus), and southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) venom. Am J Vet Res. 2015;76(3):272-9.
Cates, C. C., Valore, E. V., Couto, M. A., Lawson, G. W., & McCabe, J. G. (2015). Comparison of the protective effect of a commercially available western diamondback rattlesnake toxoid vaccine for dogs against envenomation of mice with western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox), northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus oreganus), and southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) venom. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 76(3), 272-9. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.76.3.272
Cates CC, et al. Comparison of the Protective Effect of a Commercially Available Western Diamondback Rattlesnake Toxoid Vaccine for Dogs Against Envenomation of Mice With Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus Atrox), Northern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus Oreganus Oreganus), and Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus Oreganus Helleri) Venom. Am J Vet Res. 2015;76(3):272-9. PubMed PMID: 25710764.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Comparison of the protective effect of a commercially available western diamondback rattlesnake toxoid vaccine for dogs against envenomation of mice with western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox), northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus oreganus), and southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) venom. AU - Cates,Charles C, AU - Valore,Erika V, AU - Couto,Marcelo A, AU - Lawson,Gregory W, AU - McCabe,James G, PY - 2015/2/25/entrez PY - 2015/2/25/pubmed PY - 2015/8/21/medline SP - 272 EP - 9 JF - American journal of veterinary research JO - Am J Vet Res VL - 76 IS - 3 N2 - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effectiveness of a commercially available toxoid manufactured from western diamondback (WD) rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom against envenomation of mice with WD, northern Pacific (NP) rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus oreganus), and southern Pacific (SP) rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) venom. ANIMALS: 90 specific pathogen-free female mice. PROCEDURES: Mice were allocated into 3 cohorts (30 mice/cohort). Mice received SC injections of C atrox toxoid (CAT) vaccine (n = 15/group) or adjuvant (15/group) at day 0 and again at 4 weeks. At 8 weeks, mice were challenge-exposed with 1 of 3 venoms. Survival until 48 hours was evaluated by use of log-rank analysis of survival curves and the z test for proportions. RESULTS: 6 of 15 WD-challenged CAT-vaccinated mice, 3 of 15 NP-challenged CAT-vaccinated mice, and 0 of 15 SP-challenged CAT-vaccinated mice survived until 48 hours. All adjuvant-only vaccinates survived ≤ 21 hours. Mean survival time of CAT vaccinates was longer than that of adjuvant-only vaccinates for all venoms (1,311 vs 368 minutes for WD, 842 vs 284 minutes for NP, and 697 vs 585 minutes for SP). Results of the z test indicated a significantly increased survival rate for vaccinates exposed to WD rattlesnake venom but not for vaccinates exposed to NP or SP rattlesnake venom. Log-rank analysis revealed a significant difference between survival curves of vaccinated versus unvaccinated mice exposed to NP but not WD or SP venom. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CAT vaccination improved survival rate and survival time after challenge exposure with WD rattlesnake venom and may offer limited protection against NP rattlesnake venom but did not provide significant cross-protection against SP rattlesnake venom. SN - 1943-5681 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/25710764/Comparison_of_the_protective_effect_of_a_commercially_available_western_diamondback_rattlesnake_toxoid_vaccine_for_dogs_against_envenomation_of_mice_with_western_diamondback_rattlesnake__Crotalus_atrox__northern_Pacific_rattlesnake__Crotalus_oreganus_oreganus__and_southern_Pacific_rattlesnake__Crotalus_oreganus_helleri__venom_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -