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Post awakening salivary cortisol secretion and trait well-being: The importance of sample timing accuracy.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015 Aug; 58:141-51.P

Abstract

Indices of post awakening cortisol secretion (PACS), include the rise in cortisol (cortisol awakening response: CAR) and overall cortisol concentrations (e.g., area under the curve with reference to ground: AUCg) in the first 30-45 min. Both are commonly investigated in relation to psychosocial variables. Although sampling within the domestic setting is ecologically valid, participant non-adherence to the required timing protocol results in erroneous measurement of PACS and this may explain discrepancies in the literature linking these measures to trait well-being (TWB). We have previously shown that delays of little over 5 min (between awakening and the start of sampling) to result in erroneous CAR estimates. In this study, we report for the first time on the negative impact of sample timing inaccuracy (verified by electronic-monitoring) on the efficacy to detect significant relationships between PACS and TWB when measured in the domestic setting. Healthy females (N=49, 20.5±2.8 years) selected for differences in TWB collected saliva samples (S1-4) on 4 days at 0, 15, 30, 45 min post awakening, to determine PACS. Adherence to the sampling protocol was objectively monitored using a combination of electronic estimates of awakening (actigraphy) and sampling times (track caps). Relationships between PACS and TWB were found to depend on sample timing accuracy. Lower TWB was associated with higher post awakening cortisol AUCg in proportion to the mean sample timing accuracy (p<.005). There was no association between TWB and the CAR even taking into account sample timing accuracy. These results highlight the importance of careful electronic monitoring of participant adherence for measurement of PACS in the domestic setting. Mean sample timing inaccuracy, mainly associated with delays of >5 min between awakening and collection of sample 1 (median=8 min delay), negatively impacts on the sensitivity of analysis to detect associations between PACS and TWB.

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Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Smyth N
Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
Thorn L
Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
Hucklebridge F
Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
Evans P
Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
Clow A
Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK. Electronic address: clowa@wmin.ac.uk.

MeSH

ActigraphyAdolescentAdultAffectCircadian RhythmFemaleHumansHydrocortisonePersonal SatisfactionSalivaSalivationSpecimen HandlingTime FactorsWakefulnessYoung Adult

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

25988832

Citation

Smyth, Nina, et al. "Post Awakening Salivary Cortisol Secretion and Trait Well-being: the Importance of Sample Timing Accuracy." Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 58, 2015, pp. 141-51.
Smyth N, Thorn L, Hucklebridge F, et al. Post awakening salivary cortisol secretion and trait well-being: The importance of sample timing accuracy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;58:141-51.
Smyth, N., Thorn, L., Hucklebridge, F., Evans, P., & Clow, A. (2015). Post awakening salivary cortisol secretion and trait well-being: The importance of sample timing accuracy. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 58, 141-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.019
Smyth N, et al. Post Awakening Salivary Cortisol Secretion and Trait Well-being: the Importance of Sample Timing Accuracy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;58:141-51. PubMed PMID: 25988832.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Post awakening salivary cortisol secretion and trait well-being: The importance of sample timing accuracy. AU - Smyth,Nina, AU - Thorn,Lisa, AU - Hucklebridge,Frank, AU - Evans,Phil, AU - Clow,Angela, Y1 - 2015/05/04/ PY - 2014/11/26/received PY - 2015/04/17/revised PY - 2015/04/23/accepted PY - 2015/5/20/entrez PY - 2015/5/20/pubmed PY - 2016/3/5/medline KW - AUCg KW - Awakening KW - CAR KW - Cortisol KW - Non-adherence KW - Saliva KW - Trait well-being (TWB) SP - 141 EP - 51 JF - Psychoneuroendocrinology JO - Psychoneuroendocrinology VL - 58 N2 - Indices of post awakening cortisol secretion (PACS), include the rise in cortisol (cortisol awakening response: CAR) and overall cortisol concentrations (e.g., area under the curve with reference to ground: AUCg) in the first 30-45 min. Both are commonly investigated in relation to psychosocial variables. Although sampling within the domestic setting is ecologically valid, participant non-adherence to the required timing protocol results in erroneous measurement of PACS and this may explain discrepancies in the literature linking these measures to trait well-being (TWB). We have previously shown that delays of little over 5 min (between awakening and the start of sampling) to result in erroneous CAR estimates. In this study, we report for the first time on the negative impact of sample timing inaccuracy (verified by electronic-monitoring) on the efficacy to detect significant relationships between PACS and TWB when measured in the domestic setting. Healthy females (N=49, 20.5±2.8 years) selected for differences in TWB collected saliva samples (S1-4) on 4 days at 0, 15, 30, 45 min post awakening, to determine PACS. Adherence to the sampling protocol was objectively monitored using a combination of electronic estimates of awakening (actigraphy) and sampling times (track caps). Relationships between PACS and TWB were found to depend on sample timing accuracy. Lower TWB was associated with higher post awakening cortisol AUCg in proportion to the mean sample timing accuracy (p<.005). There was no association between TWB and the CAR even taking into account sample timing accuracy. These results highlight the importance of careful electronic monitoring of participant adherence for measurement of PACS in the domestic setting. Mean sample timing inaccuracy, mainly associated with delays of >5 min between awakening and collection of sample 1 (median=8 min delay), negatively impacts on the sensitivity of analysis to detect associations between PACS and TWB. SN - 1873-3360 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/25988832/Post_awakening_salivary_cortisol_secretion_and_trait_well_being:_The_importance_of_sample_timing_accuracy_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -