TY - JOUR T1 - Acute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performance. AU - Galvan,Elfego, AU - Walker,Dillon K, AU - Simbo,Sunday Y, AU - Dalton,Ryan, AU - Levers,Kyle, AU - O'Connor,Abigail, AU - Goodenough,Chelsea, AU - Barringer,Nicholas D, AU - Greenwood,Mike, AU - Rasmussen,Christopher, AU - Smith,Stephen B, AU - Riechman,Steven E, AU - Fluckey,James D, AU - Murano,Peter S, AU - Earnest,Conrad P, AU - Kreider,Richard B, Y1 - 2016/03/31/ PY - 2015/09/18/received PY - 2016/03/23/accepted PY - 2016/4/2/entrez PY - 2016/4/2/pubmed PY - 2016/10/19/medline KW - Creatine KW - Creatine nitrate KW - Exercise performance KW - Nitrate KW - Nutrition KW - Supplementation SP - 12 EP - 12 JF - Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition JO - J Int Soc Sports Nutr VL - 13 N2 - BACKGROUND: Creatine monohydrate (CrM) and nitrate are popular supplements for improving exercise performance; yet have not been investigated in combination. We performed two studies to determine the safety and exercise performance-characteristics of creatine nitrate (CrN) supplementation. METHODS: Study 1 participants (N = 13) ingested 1.5 g CrN (CrN-Low), 3 g CrN (CrN-High), 5 g CrM or a placebo in a randomized, crossover study (7d washout) to determine supplement safety (hepatorenal and muscle enzymes, heart rate, blood pressure and side effects) measured at time-0 (unsupplemented), 30-min, and then hourly for 5-h post-ingestion. Study 2 participants (N = 48) received the same CrN treatments vs. 3 g CrM in a randomized, double-blind, 28d trial inclusive of a 7-d interim testing period and loading sequence (4 servings/d). Day-7 and d-28 measured Tendo™ bench press performance, Wingate testing and a 6x6-s bicycle ergometer sprint. Data were analyzed using a GLM and results are reported as mean ± SD or mean change ± 95 % CI. RESULTS: In both studies we observed several significant, yet stochastic changes in blood markers that were not indicative of potential harm or consistent for any treatment group. Equally, all treatment groups reported a similar number of minimal side effects. In Study 2, there was a significant increase in plasma nitrates for both CrN groups by d-7, subsequently abating by d-28. Muscle creatine increased significantly by d-7 in the CrM and CrN-High groups, but then decreased by d-28 for CrN-High. By d-28, there were significant increases in bench press lifting volume (kg) for all groups (PLA, 126.6, 95 % CI 26.3, 226.8; CrM, 194.1, 95 % CI 89.0, 299.2; CrN-Low, 118.3, 95 % CI 26.1, 210.5; CrN-High, 267.2, 95 % CI 175.0, 359.4, kg). Only the CrN-High group was significantly greater than PLA (p < 0.05). Similar findings were observed for bench press peak power (PLA, 59.0, 95 % CI 4.5, 113.4; CrM, 68.6, 95 % CI 11.4, 125.8; CrN-Low, 40.9, 95 % CI -9.2, 91.0; CrN-High, 60.9, 95 % CI 10.8, 111.1, W) and average power. CONCLUSIONS: Creatine nitrate delivered at 3 g was well-tolerated, demonstrated similar performance benefits to 3 g CrM, in addition, within the confines of this study, there were no safety concerns. SN - 1550-2783 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/27034623/Acute_and_chronic_safety_and_efficacy_of_dose_dependent_creatine_nitrate_supplementation_and_exercise_performance_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -