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The role of week(end)-day and awakening time on cortisol and alpha-amylase awakening responses.
Stress. 2016 05; 19(3):333-8.S

Abstract

Awakening responses in salivary cortisol (CAR) and alpha-amylase (AAR) constitute proxies of morning activation patterns of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system, respectively. Previous studies suggest that the CAR is decreased at weekends and at late awakening. However, it is insufficiently studied (a) whether this also applies to the AAR and (b) whether week(end)-day and awakening time interact with each other. Using an ecological momentary assessment design, 48 healthy young adults (60% women) were investigated over a 7-d period (Study 1), and 27 chronic pain patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome were examined over a 14-d period (Study 2). For the assessment of the CAR and AAR, participants provided saliva samples each morning (upon awakening, 30 min after awakening). Preprogrammed electronic diary devices were used to track week(end)-day and exact time of saliva sampling (awakening time). In Study 1, CAR was unrelated to weekend, awakening time, or their interaction, whereas only early awakening time was positively associated with AAR. In Study 2, week-days as well as early awakening times on week-days predicted increased CAR. AARs were not predicted by week(end)-day, awakening times, or their interaction. These findings suggest that time-related factors may influence awakening responses, particularly the impact of week(end)-day on the CAR and the impact of awakening times on the AAR. Since week(end)-day and awakening times may negatively affect awakening responses, these potential confounding factors should be assessed and controlled for, particularly in studies assessing both CAR and AAR.

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Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Skoluda N
a Department of Psychology , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany.
Linnemann A
a Department of Psychology , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany.
Nater UM
a Department of Psychology , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany.

MeSH

AdultCircadian RhythmFemaleHumansHydrocortisoneHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemMaleMiddle AgedPituitary-Adrenal SystemSalivaSalivary alpha-AmylasesTime FactorsWakefulnessYoung Adult

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

27112187

Citation

Skoluda, Nadine, et al. "The Role of Week(end)-day and Awakening Time On Cortisol and Alpha-amylase Awakening Responses." Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), vol. 19, no. 3, 2016, pp. 333-8.
Skoluda N, Linnemann A, Nater UM. The role of week(end)-day and awakening time on cortisol and alpha-amylase awakening responses. Stress. 2016;19(3):333-8.
Skoluda, N., Linnemann, A., & Nater, U. M. (2016). The role of week(end)-day and awakening time on cortisol and alpha-amylase awakening responses. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 19(3), 333-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2016.1174850
Skoluda N, Linnemann A, Nater UM. The Role of Week(end)-day and Awakening Time On Cortisol and Alpha-amylase Awakening Responses. Stress. 2016;19(3):333-8. PubMed PMID: 27112187.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - The role of week(end)-day and awakening time on cortisol and alpha-amylase awakening responses. AU - Skoluda,Nadine, AU - Linnemann,Alexandra, AU - Nater,Urs M, Y1 - 2016/04/26/ PY - 2016/4/27/entrez PY - 2016/4/27/pubmed PY - 2017/5/10/medline KW - AAR KW - CAR KW - alpha-amylase KW - cortisol KW - time of awakening KW - weekend SP - 333 EP - 8 JF - Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands) JO - Stress VL - 19 IS - 3 N2 - Awakening responses in salivary cortisol (CAR) and alpha-amylase (AAR) constitute proxies of morning activation patterns of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system, respectively. Previous studies suggest that the CAR is decreased at weekends and at late awakening. However, it is insufficiently studied (a) whether this also applies to the AAR and (b) whether week(end)-day and awakening time interact with each other. Using an ecological momentary assessment design, 48 healthy young adults (60% women) were investigated over a 7-d period (Study 1), and 27 chronic pain patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome were examined over a 14-d period (Study 2). For the assessment of the CAR and AAR, participants provided saliva samples each morning (upon awakening, 30 min after awakening). Preprogrammed electronic diary devices were used to track week(end)-day and exact time of saliva sampling (awakening time). In Study 1, CAR was unrelated to weekend, awakening time, or their interaction, whereas only early awakening time was positively associated with AAR. In Study 2, week-days as well as early awakening times on week-days predicted increased CAR. AARs were not predicted by week(end)-day, awakening times, or their interaction. These findings suggest that time-related factors may influence awakening responses, particularly the impact of week(end)-day on the CAR and the impact of awakening times on the AAR. Since week(end)-day and awakening times may negatively affect awakening responses, these potential confounding factors should be assessed and controlled for, particularly in studies assessing both CAR and AAR. SN - 1607-8888 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/27112187/The_role_of_week_end__day_and_awakening_time_on_cortisol_and_alpha_amylase_awakening_responses_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -