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Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: A Review.
JAMA. 2016 Apr 26; 315(16):1767-77.JAMA

Abstract

IMPORTANCE

Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), and babesiosis are emerging tick-borne infections.

OBJECTIVE

To provide an update on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tick-borne infections.

EVIDENCE REVIEW

Search of PubMed and Scopus for articles on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tick-borne infections published in English from January 2005 through December 2015.

FINDINGS

The search yielded 3550 articles for diagnosis and treatment and 752 articles for prevention. Of these articles, 361 were reviewed in depth. Evidence supports the use of US Food and Drug Administration-approved serologic tests, such as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), followed by Western blot testing, to diagnose extracutaneous manifestations of Lyme disease. Microscopy and polymerase chain reaction assay of blood specimens are used to diagnose active HGA and babesiosis. The efficacy of oral doxycycline, amoxicillin, and cefuroxime axetil for treating Lyme disease has been established in multiple trials. Ceftriaxone is recommended when parenteral antibiotic therapy is recommended. Multiple trials have shown efficacy for a 10-day course of oral doxycycline for treatment of erythema migrans and for a 14-day course for treatment of early neurologic Lyme disease in ambulatory patients. Evidence indicates that a 10-day course of oral doxycycline is effective for HGA and that a 7- to 10-day course of azithromycin plus atovaquone is effective for mild babesiosis. Based on multiple case reports, a 7- to 10-day course of clindamycin plus quinine is often used to treat severe babesiosis. A recent study supports a minimum of 6 weeks of antibiotics for highly immunocompromised patients with babesiosis, with no parasites detected on blood smear for at least the final 2 weeks of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Evidence is evolving regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, HGA, and babesiosis. Recent evidence supports treating patients with erythema migrans for no longer than 10 days when doxycycline is used and prescription of a 14-day course of oral doxycycline for early neurologic Lyme disease in ambulatory patients. The duration of antimicrobial therapy for babesiosis in severely immunocompromised patients should be extended to 6 weeks or longer.

Links

PMC Free PDF

Authors+Show Affiliations

Sanchez E
Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
Vannier E
Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
Wormser GP
Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.
Hu LT
Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.

MeSH

AmoxicillinAnaplasmaAnaplasmosisAnimalsAnti-Bacterial AgentsBabesiosisBlotting, WesternCefuroximeClindamycinDoxycyclineDrug Administration ScheduleHumansImmunoenzyme TechniquesLyme DiseaseMicroscopyNeutrophilsPolymerase Chain ReactionQuinine

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review

Language

eng

PubMed ID

27115378

Citation

Sanchez, Edgar, et al. "Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: a Review." JAMA, vol. 315, no. 16, 2016, pp. 1767-77.
Sanchez E, Vannier E, Wormser GP, et al. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: A Review. JAMA. 2016;315(16):1767-77.
Sanchez, E., Vannier, E., Wormser, G. P., & Hu, L. T. (2016). Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: A Review. JAMA, 315(16), 1767-77. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2884
Sanchez E, et al. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: a Review. JAMA. 2016 Apr 26;315(16):1767-77. PubMed PMID: 27115378.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: A Review. AU - Sanchez,Edgar, AU - Vannier,Edouard, AU - Wormser,Gary P, AU - Hu,Linden T, PY - 2016/4/27/entrez PY - 2016/4/27/pubmed PY - 2016/5/10/medline SP - 1767 EP - 77 JF - JAMA JO - JAMA VL - 315 IS - 16 N2 - IMPORTANCE: Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), and babesiosis are emerging tick-borne infections. OBJECTIVE: To provide an update on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tick-borne infections. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Search of PubMed and Scopus for articles on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tick-borne infections published in English from January 2005 through December 2015. FINDINGS: The search yielded 3550 articles for diagnosis and treatment and 752 articles for prevention. Of these articles, 361 were reviewed in depth. Evidence supports the use of US Food and Drug Administration-approved serologic tests, such as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), followed by Western blot testing, to diagnose extracutaneous manifestations of Lyme disease. Microscopy and polymerase chain reaction assay of blood specimens are used to diagnose active HGA and babesiosis. The efficacy of oral doxycycline, amoxicillin, and cefuroxime axetil for treating Lyme disease has been established in multiple trials. Ceftriaxone is recommended when parenteral antibiotic therapy is recommended. Multiple trials have shown efficacy for a 10-day course of oral doxycycline for treatment of erythema migrans and for a 14-day course for treatment of early neurologic Lyme disease in ambulatory patients. Evidence indicates that a 10-day course of oral doxycycline is effective for HGA and that a 7- to 10-day course of azithromycin plus atovaquone is effective for mild babesiosis. Based on multiple case reports, a 7- to 10-day course of clindamycin plus quinine is often used to treat severe babesiosis. A recent study supports a minimum of 6 weeks of antibiotics for highly immunocompromised patients with babesiosis, with no parasites detected on blood smear for at least the final 2 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Evidence is evolving regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, HGA, and babesiosis. Recent evidence supports treating patients with erythema migrans for no longer than 10 days when doxycycline is used and prescription of a 14-day course of oral doxycycline for early neurologic Lyme disease in ambulatory patients. The duration of antimicrobial therapy for babesiosis in severely immunocompromised patients should be extended to 6 weeks or longer. SN - 1538-3598 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/27115378/full_citation DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -