TY - JOUR T1 - A review: Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls. AU - Suzuki,Joji, AU - El-Haddad,Saria, Y1 - 2016/12/16/ PY - 2016/04/29/received PY - 2016/11/22/revised PY - 2016/11/24/accepted PY - 2017/1/10/pubmed PY - 2017/10/5/medline PY - 2017/1/10/entrez KW - Fentanyl KW - Non-pharmaceutical fentanyl KW - Opioid use disorder KW - Overdose SP - 107 EP - 116 JF - Drug and alcohol dependence JO - Drug Alcohol Depend VL - 171 N2 - BACKGROUND: Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls (NPFs) have been responsible for numerous outbreaks of overdoses all over the United States since the 1970s. However, there has been a growing concern in recent years that NPFs are contributing to an alarming rise in the number of opioid-related overdoses. METHODS: The authors conducted a narrative review of the published and grey literature on fentanyl and NPFs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google using the following search terms: "fentanyl", "non-pharmaceutical fentanyl", "fentanyl analogs", "fentanyl laced heroin" and "fentanyl overdose". References from relevant publications and grey literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion. RESULTS: The article reviews the emergence and misuse of fentanyl and NPFs, their clinical pharmacology, and the clinical management and prevention of fentanyl-related overdoses. CONCLUSIONS: Fentanyl and NPFs may be contributing to the recent rise in overdose deaths in the United States. There is an urgent need to educate clinicians, researchers, and patients about this public health threat. SN - 1879-0046 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/28068563/A_review:_Fentanyl_and_non_pharmaceutical_fentanyls_ L2 - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376-8716(16)31059-6 DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -