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Impact of combining chlorine dioxide and chlorine on DBP formation in simulated indoor swimming pools.
J Environ Sci (China). 2017 Aug; 58:155-162.JE

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to assess the combined use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorine (Cl2) on the speciation and kinetics of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation in swimming pools using synthetic pool waters prepared with a body fluid analog (BFA) and/or fresh natural water. At 1:25 (mass ratio) of ClO2 to Cl2, there was no significant reduction in the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) for both BFA solution and natural water compared to the application of Cl2 alone. When the mass ratio of ClO2 to Cl2 increased to 1:1, substantial decreases in both THMs and HAAs were observed in the natural water, while there was almost no change of DBP formations in the BFA solution. Haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes levels in both water matrices remained similar. In the presence of bromide, the overall DBP formation increased in both BFA solution and natural water. For the DBP formation kinetics, after 72hr of contact time, very low formation of THMs and HAAs was observed for the use of ClO2 only. Compared to Cl2 control, however, applying the 1:1 mixture of ClO2/Cl2 reduced THMs by >60% and HAAs by >50%. Chlorite was maintained below 1.0mg/L, while the formation of chlorate significantly increased over the reaction time. Finally, in a bench-scale indoor pool experiment, applying ClO2 and Cl2 simultaneously produced less THMs compared to Cl2 control and kept chlorite at <0.4mg/L, while HAAs and chlorate accumulated over 4-week operation period.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Kim D
Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
Ates N
Department of Environmental Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
Kaplan Bekaroglu SS
Water Institute, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Turkey.
Selbes M
Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
Karanfil T
Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA. Electronic address: tkaranf@clemson.edu.

MeSH

ChlorineChlorine CompoundsDisinfectantsDisinfectionOxidesSwimming PoolsWater Purification

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

28774604

Citation

Kim, Daekyun, et al. "Impact of Combining Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorine On DBP Formation in Simulated Indoor Swimming Pools." Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), vol. 58, 2017, pp. 155-162.
Kim D, Ates N, Kaplan Bekaroglu SS, et al. Impact of combining chlorine dioxide and chlorine on DBP formation in simulated indoor swimming pools. J Environ Sci (China). 2017;58:155-162.
Kim, D., Ates, N., Kaplan Bekaroglu, S. S., Selbes, M., & Karanfil, T. (2017). Impact of combining chlorine dioxide and chlorine on DBP formation in simulated indoor swimming pools. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 58, 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.020
Kim D, et al. Impact of Combining Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorine On DBP Formation in Simulated Indoor Swimming Pools. J Environ Sci (China). 2017;58:155-162. PubMed PMID: 28774604.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Impact of combining chlorine dioxide and chlorine on DBP formation in simulated indoor swimming pools. AU - Kim,Daekyun, AU - Ates,Nuray, AU - Kaplan Bekaroglu,Sehnaz Sule, AU - Selbes,Meric, AU - Karanfil,Tanju, Y1 - 2017/05/02/ PY - 2017/02/06/received PY - 2017/04/16/revised PY - 2017/04/20/accepted PY - 2017/8/5/entrez PY - 2017/8/5/pubmed PY - 2017/8/12/medline KW - Body fluid analog KW - Chlorine KW - Chlorine dioxide KW - Disinfection by-products KW - Natural organic matter SP - 155 EP - 162 JF - Journal of environmental sciences (China) JO - J Environ Sci (China) VL - 58 N2 - The main objective of this study was to assess the combined use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorine (Cl2) on the speciation and kinetics of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation in swimming pools using synthetic pool waters prepared with a body fluid analog (BFA) and/or fresh natural water. At 1:25 (mass ratio) of ClO2 to Cl2, there was no significant reduction in the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) for both BFA solution and natural water compared to the application of Cl2 alone. When the mass ratio of ClO2 to Cl2 increased to 1:1, substantial decreases in both THMs and HAAs were observed in the natural water, while there was almost no change of DBP formations in the BFA solution. Haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes levels in both water matrices remained similar. In the presence of bromide, the overall DBP formation increased in both BFA solution and natural water. For the DBP formation kinetics, after 72hr of contact time, very low formation of THMs and HAAs was observed for the use of ClO2 only. Compared to Cl2 control, however, applying the 1:1 mixture of ClO2/Cl2 reduced THMs by >60% and HAAs by >50%. Chlorite was maintained below 1.0mg/L, while the formation of chlorate significantly increased over the reaction time. Finally, in a bench-scale indoor pool experiment, applying ClO2 and Cl2 simultaneously produced less THMs compared to Cl2 control and kept chlorite at <0.4mg/L, while HAAs and chlorate accumulated over 4-week operation period. SN - 1001-0742 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/28774604/Impact_of_combining_chlorine_dioxide_and_chlorine_on_DBP_formation_in_simulated_indoor_swimming_pools_ L2 - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1001-0742(17)30372-8 DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -