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Evaluating the effects of pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of aluminum to freshwater aquatic organisms under circumneutral conditions.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2018 01; 37(1):49-60.ET

Abstract

Although it is well known that increasing water hardness and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations mitigate the toxicity of aluminum (Al) to freshwater organisms in acidic water (i.e., pH < 6), these effects are less well characterized in natural waters at circumneutral pHs for which most aquatic life regulatory protection criteria apply (i.e., pH 6-8). The evaluation of Al toxicity under varying pH conditions may also be confounded by the presence of Al hydroxides and freshly precipitated Al in newly prepared test solutions. Aging and filtration of test solutions were found to greatly reduce toxicity, suggesting that toxicity from transient forms of Al could be minimized and that precipitated Al hydroxides contribute significantly to Al toxicity under circumneutral conditions, rather than dissolved or monomeric forms. Increasing pH, hardness, and DOC were found to have a protective effect against Al toxicity for fish (Pimephales promelas) and invertebrates (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna). For algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), the protective effects of increased hardness were only apparent at pH 6, less so at pH 7, and at pH 8, increased hardness appeared to increase the sensitivity of algae to Al. The results support the need for water quality-based aquatic life protection criteria for Al, rather than fixed value criteria, as being a more accurate predictor of Al toxicity in natural waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:49-60. © 2017 SETAC.

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Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Gensemer RW
GEI Consultants, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Gondek JC
GEI Consultants, Glastonbury, Connecticut, USA.
Rodriquez PH
Chilean Mining and Metallurgy Research Center, Santiago, Chile.
Arbildua JJ
Chilean Mining and Metallurgy Research Center, Santiago, Chile.
Stubblefield WA
Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
Cardwell AS
Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
Santore RC
Windward Environmental, Syracuse, New York, USA.
Ryan AC
Windward Environmental, Syracuse, New York, USA.
Adams WJ
Rio Tinto, South Jordan, Utah, USA.
Nordheim E
European Aluminium Association, Brussels, Belgium.

MeSH

AluminumAnimalsAquatic OrganismsCarbonChlorophytaCladoceraCyprinidaeDaphniaFresh WaterHardnessHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationInvertebratesOrganic ChemicalsSolubilityToxicity Tests, AcuteToxicity Tests, ChronicWater Pollutants, ChemicalWater Quality

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

28833434

Citation

Gensemer, Robert W., et al. "Evaluating the Effects of pH, Hardness, and Dissolved Organic Carbon On the Toxicity of Aluminum to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms Under Circumneutral Conditions." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 37, no. 1, 2018, pp. 49-60.
Gensemer RW, Gondek JC, Rodriquez PH, et al. Evaluating the effects of pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of aluminum to freshwater aquatic organisms under circumneutral conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2018;37(1):49-60.
Gensemer, R. W., Gondek, J. C., Rodriquez, P. H., Arbildua, J. J., Stubblefield, W. A., Cardwell, A. S., Santore, R. C., Ryan, A. C., Adams, W. J., & Nordheim, E. (2018). Evaluating the effects of pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of aluminum to freshwater aquatic organisms under circumneutral conditions. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 37(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3920
Gensemer RW, et al. Evaluating the Effects of pH, Hardness, and Dissolved Organic Carbon On the Toxicity of Aluminum to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms Under Circumneutral Conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2018;37(1):49-60. PubMed PMID: 28833434.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Evaluating the effects of pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of aluminum to freshwater aquatic organisms under circumneutral conditions. AU - Gensemer,Robert W, AU - Gondek,John C, AU - Rodriquez,Patricio H, AU - Arbildua,Jose J, AU - Stubblefield,William A, AU - Cardwell,Allison S, AU - Santore,Robert C, AU - Ryan,Adam C, AU - Adams,William J, AU - Nordheim,Eirik, PY - 2017/01/04/received PY - 2017/02/28/revised PY - 2017/07/12/accepted PY - 2017/8/24/pubmed PY - 2018/10/23/medline PY - 2017/8/24/entrez KW - Aluminum KW - Dissolved organic carbon KW - Hardness KW - Toxicity KW - pH SP - 49 EP - 60 JF - Environmental toxicology and chemistry JO - Environ Toxicol Chem VL - 37 IS - 1 N2 - Although it is well known that increasing water hardness and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations mitigate the toxicity of aluminum (Al) to freshwater organisms in acidic water (i.e., pH < 6), these effects are less well characterized in natural waters at circumneutral pHs for which most aquatic life regulatory protection criteria apply (i.e., pH 6-8). The evaluation of Al toxicity under varying pH conditions may also be confounded by the presence of Al hydroxides and freshly precipitated Al in newly prepared test solutions. Aging and filtration of test solutions were found to greatly reduce toxicity, suggesting that toxicity from transient forms of Al could be minimized and that precipitated Al hydroxides contribute significantly to Al toxicity under circumneutral conditions, rather than dissolved or monomeric forms. Increasing pH, hardness, and DOC were found to have a protective effect against Al toxicity for fish (Pimephales promelas) and invertebrates (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna). For algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), the protective effects of increased hardness were only apparent at pH 6, less so at pH 7, and at pH 8, increased hardness appeared to increase the sensitivity of algae to Al. The results support the need for water quality-based aquatic life protection criteria for Al, rather than fixed value criteria, as being a more accurate predictor of Al toxicity in natural waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:49-60. © 2017 SETAC. SN - 1552-8618 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/28833434/Evaluating_the_effects_of_pH_hardness_and_dissolved_organic_carbon_on_the_toxicity_of_aluminum_to_freshwater_aquatic_organisms_under_circumneutral_conditions_ L2 - https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3920 DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -