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Field Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid Using the Alere™ DDS®2 Mobile Test System with Confirmation by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
J Anal Toxicol. 2018 Apr 01; 42(3):170-176.JA

Abstract

The collection and analysis of drugs in oral fluid (OF) at the roadside has become more feasible with the introduction of portable testing devices such as the Alere™ DDS®2 Mobile Test System (DDS®2). The objective of this study was to compare the on-site results for the DDS®2 to laboratory-based confirmatory assays with respect to detection of drugs of abuse in human subjects. As part of a larger Institutional Review Board approved study, two OF samples were collected from each participant at a music festival in Miami, FL, USA. One OF sample was field screened using the DDS®2, and a confirmatory OF sample was collected using the Quantisal™ OF collection device and submitted to the laboratory for testing. In total, 124 subjects participated in this study providing two contemporaneous OF samples. DDS®2 field screening yielded positive results for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (n = 27), cocaine (n = 12), amphetamine (n = 3), methamphetamine (n = 3) and benzodiazepine (n = 1). No opiate-positive OF samples were detected. For cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and benzodiazepines, the DDS®2 displayed sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 100%. For THC, the DDS®2 displayed sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 100% and accuracy of 97.5%, when the threshold for confirmation matched that of the manufacturers advertised cut-off. When this confirmatory threshold was lowered to the analytical limit of detection (i.e., 1 ng/mL), apparent device performance for THC was poorer due to additional samples testing positive by confirmatory assay that had tested negative on the DDS®2, demonstrating a need for correlation between manufacturer cut-off and analytical reporting limit. These results from drug-using subjects demonstrate the value of field-based OF testing, and illustrate the significance of selecting an appropriate confirmation cut-off concentration with respect to performance evaluation and detection of drug use.

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Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Krotulski AJ
Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.
Mohr ALA
Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.
Friscia M
Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.
Logan BK
Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA. NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Rd, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.

MeSH

Chromatography, LiquidEquipment DesignFloridaHumansIllicit DrugsLimit of DetectionPoint-of-Care SystemsPoint-of-Care TestingPredictive Value of TestsReproducibility of ResultsSalivaSubstance Abuse DetectionSubstance-Related DisordersTandem Mass Spectrometry

Pub Type(s)

Comparative Study
Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

29301050

Citation

Krotulski, Alex J., et al. "Field Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid Using the Alere™ DDS®2 Mobile Test System With Confirmation By Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)." Journal of Analytical Toxicology, vol. 42, no. 3, 2018, pp. 170-176.
Krotulski AJ, Mohr ALA, Friscia M, et al. Field Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid Using the Alere™ DDS®2 Mobile Test System with Confirmation by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Anal Toxicol. 2018;42(3):170-176.
Krotulski, A. J., Mohr, A. L. A., Friscia, M., & Logan, B. K. (2018). Field Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid Using the Alere™ DDS®2 Mobile Test System with Confirmation by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 42(3), 170-176. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkx105
Krotulski AJ, et al. Field Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid Using the Alere™ DDS®2 Mobile Test System With Confirmation By Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Anal Toxicol. 2018 Apr 1;42(3):170-176. PubMed PMID: 29301050.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Field Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid Using the Alere™ DDS®2 Mobile Test System with Confirmation by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). AU - Krotulski,Alex J, AU - Mohr,Amanda L A, AU - Friscia,Melissa, AU - Logan,Barry K, PY - 2017/09/13/received PY - 2018/1/5/pubmed PY - 2018/10/3/medline PY - 2018/1/5/entrez SP - 170 EP - 176 JF - Journal of analytical toxicology JO - J Anal Toxicol VL - 42 IS - 3 N2 - The collection and analysis of drugs in oral fluid (OF) at the roadside has become more feasible with the introduction of portable testing devices such as the Alere™ DDS®2 Mobile Test System (DDS®2). The objective of this study was to compare the on-site results for the DDS®2 to laboratory-based confirmatory assays with respect to detection of drugs of abuse in human subjects. As part of a larger Institutional Review Board approved study, two OF samples were collected from each participant at a music festival in Miami, FL, USA. One OF sample was field screened using the DDS®2, and a confirmatory OF sample was collected using the Quantisal™ OF collection device and submitted to the laboratory for testing. In total, 124 subjects participated in this study providing two contemporaneous OF samples. DDS®2 field screening yielded positive results for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (n = 27), cocaine (n = 12), amphetamine (n = 3), methamphetamine (n = 3) and benzodiazepine (n = 1). No opiate-positive OF samples were detected. For cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and benzodiazepines, the DDS®2 displayed sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 100%. For THC, the DDS®2 displayed sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 100% and accuracy of 97.5%, when the threshold for confirmation matched that of the manufacturers advertised cut-off. When this confirmatory threshold was lowered to the analytical limit of detection (i.e., 1 ng/mL), apparent device performance for THC was poorer due to additional samples testing positive by confirmatory assay that had tested negative on the DDS®2, demonstrating a need for correlation between manufacturer cut-off and analytical reporting limit. These results from drug-using subjects demonstrate the value of field-based OF testing, and illustrate the significance of selecting an appropriate confirmation cut-off concentration with respect to performance evaluation and detection of drug use. SN - 1945-2403 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/29301050/Field_Detection_of_Drugs_of_Abuse_in_Oral_Fluid_Using_the_Alere™_DDS®2_Mobile_Test_System_with_Confirmation_by_Liquid_Chromatography_Tandem_Mass_Spectrometry__LC_MS/MS__ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -