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Occurrence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw water samples from the Rímac River, Peru.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Apr; 25(12):11454-11467.ES

Abstract

Giardia and Cryptosporidium are potentially pathogenic protozoa which are ubiquitous in ambient surface water. The present study included 60 samples of surface water from three sampling sites from the Rímac River, Lima and Callao, Peru, to detect the occurrence of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. and to perform molecular characterization of specimens found. Water samples were concentrated using the membrane filtration technique, and following elution, cysts and oocysts were visualized by direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA). For molecular characterization, tpi and bg gene fragments and 18S rRNA were amplified by nested PCR for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, respectively, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Giardia cysts were found in 93.3% of the analyzed samples, whereas Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 15%. The positivity of the Giardia cysts was 86.6% (n = 26) in 2014, while Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. In 2015, both protozoa were found in raw water samples, with all 30 samples collected positive for Giardia cysts (100.0%) and 9 positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts (30.0%). Oocysts were detected in 20.0% of water samples from sites 1 (mean 5.25 oocysts/L) and 2 (mean 52.3 oocysts/L), while at site 3, oocysts were detected in 50.0% of raw water samples (mean 193.6 oocysts/L). The presence of Giardia duodenalis assemblage A was confirmed in several samples by the phylogenetic positioning of the bg and tpi genes, and the sub-assemblage AII was predominant (8/9). Sequencing for Cryptosporidium resulted in profiles compatible with Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, and Cryptosporidium baileyi. This is the first time that the presence of G. duodenalis assemblage A/sub-assemblage AII and Cryptosporidium species has been reported in surface water samples in Peru. These Cryptosporidium species and the Giardia duodenalis assemblage are associated with human disease which highlights the potential risk to public health and the need to increase environmental monitoring measures to protect this water body.

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Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Bautista M
Post-Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Bonatti TR
Post-Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Fiuza VRDS
Oxidative Processes Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Terashima A
Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Canales-Ramos M
Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
José J
Laboratory of Genomics and Expression (LGE), Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Franco RMB
Protozoology Laboratory, Animal Biology Department, Biology Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, n° 255, Campinas, SP, Brazil. mfranco@unicamp.br.

MeSH

AnimalsCryptosporidiumEnvironmental MonitoringGenes, ProtozoanGiardiaGiardiasisHumansOocystsPeruPhylogenyRNA, Ribosomal, 18SRivers

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

29423699

Citation

Bautista, Meylin, et al. "Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Giardia Duodenalis Cysts and Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Raw Water Samples From the Rímac River, Peru." Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, vol. 25, no. 12, 2018, pp. 11454-11467.
Bautista M, Bonatti TR, Fiuza VRDS, et al. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw water samples from the Rímac River, Peru. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018;25(12):11454-11467.
Bautista, M., Bonatti, T. R., Fiuza, V. R. D. S., Terashima, A., Canales-Ramos, M., José, J., & Franco, R. M. B. (2018). Occurrence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw water samples from the Rímac River, Peru. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 25(12), 11454-11467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1423-6
Bautista M, et al. Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Giardia Duodenalis Cysts and Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Raw Water Samples From the Rímac River, Peru. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018;25(12):11454-11467. PubMed PMID: 29423699.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Occurrence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw water samples from the Rímac River, Peru. AU - Bautista,Meylin, AU - Bonatti,Taís Rondello, AU - Fiuza,Vagner Ricardo da S, AU - Terashima,Angelica, AU - Canales-Ramos,Marco, AU - José,Juliana, AU - Franco,Regina Maura Bueno, Y1 - 2018/02/08/ PY - 2017/04/07/received PY - 2018/01/29/accepted PY - 2018/2/10/pubmed PY - 2018/12/12/medline PY - 2018/2/10/entrez KW - Cryptosporidium spp. KW - Giardia duodenalis KW - Lima KW - Peru KW - Raw water KW - Rímac River SP - 11454 EP - 11467 JF - Environmental science and pollution research international JO - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int VL - 25 IS - 12 N2 - Giardia and Cryptosporidium are potentially pathogenic protozoa which are ubiquitous in ambient surface water. The present study included 60 samples of surface water from three sampling sites from the Rímac River, Lima and Callao, Peru, to detect the occurrence of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. and to perform molecular characterization of specimens found. Water samples were concentrated using the membrane filtration technique, and following elution, cysts and oocysts were visualized by direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA). For molecular characterization, tpi and bg gene fragments and 18S rRNA were amplified by nested PCR for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, respectively, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Giardia cysts were found in 93.3% of the analyzed samples, whereas Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 15%. The positivity of the Giardia cysts was 86.6% (n = 26) in 2014, while Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. In 2015, both protozoa were found in raw water samples, with all 30 samples collected positive for Giardia cysts (100.0%) and 9 positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts (30.0%). Oocysts were detected in 20.0% of water samples from sites 1 (mean 5.25 oocysts/L) and 2 (mean 52.3 oocysts/L), while at site 3, oocysts were detected in 50.0% of raw water samples (mean 193.6 oocysts/L). The presence of Giardia duodenalis assemblage A was confirmed in several samples by the phylogenetic positioning of the bg and tpi genes, and the sub-assemblage AII was predominant (8/9). Sequencing for Cryptosporidium resulted in profiles compatible with Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, and Cryptosporidium baileyi. This is the first time that the presence of G. duodenalis assemblage A/sub-assemblage AII and Cryptosporidium species has been reported in surface water samples in Peru. These Cryptosporidium species and the Giardia duodenalis assemblage are associated with human disease which highlights the potential risk to public health and the need to increase environmental monitoring measures to protect this water body. SN - 1614-7499 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/29423699/Occurrence_and_molecular_characterization_of_Giardia_duodenalis_cysts_and_Cryptosporidium_oocysts_in_raw_water_samples_from_the_Rímac_River_Peru_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -