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Assessing viability and infectivity of foodborne and waterborne stages (cysts/oocysts) of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii: a review of methods.
Parasite. 2018; 25:14.P

Abstract

Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are protozoan parasites that have been highlighted as emerging foodborne pathogens by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization. According to the European Food Safety Authority, 4786 foodborne and waterborne outbreaks were reported in Europe in 2016, of which 0.4% were attributed to parasites including Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Trichinella. Until 2016, no standardized methods were available to detect Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma (oo)cysts in food. Therefore, no regulation exists regarding these biohazards. Nevertheless, considering their low infective dose, ingestion of foodstuffs contaminated by low quantities of these three parasites can lead to human infection. To evaluate the risk of protozoan parasites in food, efforts must be made towards exposure assessment to estimate the contamination along the food chain, from raw products to consumers. This requires determining: (i) the occurrence of infective protozoan (oo)cysts in foods, and (ii) the efficacy of control measures to eliminate this contamination. In order to conduct such assessments, methods for identification of viable (i.e. live) and infective parasites are required. This review describes the methods currently available to evaluate infectivity and viability of G. duodenalis cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. and T. gondii oocysts, and their potential for application in exposure assessment to determine the presence of the infective protozoa and/or to characterize the efficacy of control measures. Advantages and limits of each method are highlighted and an analytical strategy is proposed to assess exposure to these protozoa.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Rousseau A
EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France - ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000 Saint-Lô, France - EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France.
La Carbona S
ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000 Saint-Lô, France.
Dumètre A
Aix Marseille Univ, IRD (Dakar, Marseille, Papeete), AP-HM, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, UMR Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.
Robertson LJ
Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway.
Gargala G
EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France.
Escotte-Binet S
EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France.
Favennec L
EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France.
Villena I
EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France.
Gérard C
Food Safety Microbiology, Nestlé Research Center, PO Box 44, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
Aubert D
EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France.

MeSH

AnimalsBiological AssayCells, CulturedCryptosporidiosisCryptosporidiumFood ParasitologyGenetic TechniquesGiardia lambliaGiardiasisHumansOocystsRisk AssessmentToxoplasmaToxoplasmosisWater

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Review

Language

eng

PubMed ID

29553366

Citation

Rousseau, Angélique, et al. "Assessing Viability and Infectivity of Foodborne and Waterborne Stages (cysts/oocysts) of Giardia Duodenalis, Cryptosporidium Spp., and Toxoplasma Gondii: a Review of Methods." Parasite (Paris, France), vol. 25, 2018, p. 14.
Rousseau A, La Carbona S, Dumètre A, et al. Assessing viability and infectivity of foodborne and waterborne stages (cysts/oocysts) of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii: a review of methods. Parasite. 2018;25:14.
Rousseau, A., La Carbona, S., Dumètre, A., Robertson, L. J., Gargala, G., Escotte-Binet, S., Favennec, L., Villena, I., Gérard, C., & Aubert, D. (2018). Assessing viability and infectivity of foodborne and waterborne stages (cysts/oocysts) of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii: a review of methods. Parasite (Paris, France), 25, 14. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018009
Rousseau A, et al. Assessing Viability and Infectivity of Foodborne and Waterborne Stages (cysts/oocysts) of Giardia Duodenalis, Cryptosporidium Spp., and Toxoplasma Gondii: a Review of Methods. Parasite. 2018;25:14. PubMed PMID: 29553366.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Assessing viability and infectivity of foodborne and waterborne stages (cysts/oocysts) of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii: a review of methods. AU - Rousseau,Angélique, AU - La Carbona,Stéphanie, AU - Dumètre,Aurélien, AU - Robertson,Lucy J, AU - Gargala,Gilles, AU - Escotte-Binet,Sandie, AU - Favennec,Loïc, AU - Villena,Isabelle, AU - Gérard,Cédric, AU - Aubert,Dominique, Y1 - 2018/03/19/ PY - 2017/09/22/received PY - 2018/02/09/accepted PY - 2018/3/20/entrez PY - 2018/3/20/pubmed PY - 2018/10/20/medline SP - 14 EP - 14 JF - Parasite (Paris, France) JO - Parasite VL - 25 N2 - Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are protozoan parasites that have been highlighted as emerging foodborne pathogens by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization. According to the European Food Safety Authority, 4786 foodborne and waterborne outbreaks were reported in Europe in 2016, of which 0.4% were attributed to parasites including Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Trichinella. Until 2016, no standardized methods were available to detect Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma (oo)cysts in food. Therefore, no regulation exists regarding these biohazards. Nevertheless, considering their low infective dose, ingestion of foodstuffs contaminated by low quantities of these three parasites can lead to human infection. To evaluate the risk of protozoan parasites in food, efforts must be made towards exposure assessment to estimate the contamination along the food chain, from raw products to consumers. This requires determining: (i) the occurrence of infective protozoan (oo)cysts in foods, and (ii) the efficacy of control measures to eliminate this contamination. In order to conduct such assessments, methods for identification of viable (i.e. live) and infective parasites are required. This review describes the methods currently available to evaluate infectivity and viability of G. duodenalis cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. and T. gondii oocysts, and their potential for application in exposure assessment to determine the presence of the infective protozoa and/or to characterize the efficacy of control measures. Advantages and limits of each method are highlighted and an analytical strategy is proposed to assess exposure to these protozoa. SN - 1776-1042 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/29553366/Assessing_viability_and_infectivity_of_foodborne_and_waterborne_stages__cysts/oocysts__of_Giardia_duodenalis_Cryptosporidium_spp__and_Toxoplasma_gondii:_a_review_of_methods_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -