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Opioids in oral fluid of Spanish drivers.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 06 01; 187:35-39.DA

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Driving under the influence of certain drugs is not allowed, and roadside drug testing is being considered an important tool for deterring driving under the influence of them. This study aimed to assess the presence and concentration of opioids, as well as their combined use with other drugs (laboratory confirmation after the on-road screening) in Spanish drivers between 2011 and 2016.

METHODS

In Spain, mandatory roadside breath alcohol and oral fluid drug testing (screening) are carried out by the Traffic Police using Dräger Alcotest® 6810 device, and Dräger DrugTest® 5000, DrugWipe®, or Alere™ DDS®2 Mobile Test System. For positive cases in the period covered, 65,244, confirmation analysis and quantification using chromatographic techniques were performed.

RESULTS

Opioids were confirmed in 8.6% of positive cases, being 7.2% positives to 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM), 6.5% to morphine, 5.4% to codeine, and 4.1% to methadone. The majority of the confirmed tests for morphine (96.5%), codeine (88.4%) and methadone (81.9) were also positive for 6-AM. The presence of other drugs, particularly cocaine and cannabis, was very common. Concentration values reached important levels. Positive results for morphine (0.1%), codeine (0.6%) or methadone (0.4%) alone were very infrequent.

CONCLUSIONS

Drivers with a confirmed positive roadside test for morphine, codeine, and methadone had also consumed heroin and/or other illicit drugs, such as cocaine and/or THC, and at relevant concentrations. Improving interventions to combat the problem of driving under the influence of driving-impairing substances is a priority.

Links

Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Herrera-Gómez F
Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Nephrology, Complejo Asistencial de Zamora, 49022, Zamora, Spain.
García-Mingo M
Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain.
Colás M
Dirección General de Tráfico, 28071, Madrid, Spain.
González-Luque JC
Dirección General de Tráfico, 28071, Madrid, Spain.
Álvarez FJ
Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain; CEIm, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid, 47005, Valladolid, Spain. Electronic address: alvarez@med.uva.es.

MeSH

AdolescentAdultAnalgesics, OpioidDriving Under the InfluenceFemaleHumansIllicit DrugsMaleMass ScreeningMiddle AgedPoliceSalivaSpainSubstance Abuse DetectionSubstance-Related DisordersYoung Adult

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

29626744

Citation

Herrera-Gómez, Francisco, et al. "Opioids in Oral Fluid of Spanish Drivers." Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 187, 2018, pp. 35-39.
Herrera-Gómez F, García-Mingo M, Colás M, et al. Opioids in oral fluid of Spanish drivers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;187:35-39.
Herrera-Gómez, F., García-Mingo, M., Colás, M., González-Luque, J. C., & Álvarez, F. J. (2018). Opioids in oral fluid of Spanish drivers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 187, 35-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.016
Herrera-Gómez F, et al. Opioids in Oral Fluid of Spanish Drivers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 06 1;187:35-39. PubMed PMID: 29626744.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Opioids in oral fluid of Spanish drivers. AU - Herrera-Gómez,Francisco, AU - García-Mingo,Mercedes, AU - Colás,Mónica, AU - González-Luque,Juan Carlos, AU - Álvarez,F Javier, Y1 - 2018/03/29/ PY - 2017/08/29/received PY - 2018/02/07/revised PY - 2018/02/08/accepted PY - 2018/4/8/pubmed PY - 2018/9/27/medline PY - 2018/4/8/entrez KW - Automobile driving KW - Codeine KW - Drug abuse KW - Heroin KW - Methadone KW - Morphine KW - Opioid addiction KW - Oral fluid KW - Saliva KW - Street drug testing KW - Substance abuse detection SP - 35 EP - 39 JF - Drug and alcohol dependence JO - Drug Alcohol Depend VL - 187 N2 - BACKGROUND: Driving under the influence of certain drugs is not allowed, and roadside drug testing is being considered an important tool for deterring driving under the influence of them. This study aimed to assess the presence and concentration of opioids, as well as their combined use with other drugs (laboratory confirmation after the on-road screening) in Spanish drivers between 2011 and 2016. METHODS: In Spain, mandatory roadside breath alcohol and oral fluid drug testing (screening) are carried out by the Traffic Police using Dräger Alcotest® 6810 device, and Dräger DrugTest® 5000, DrugWipe®, or Alere™ DDS®2 Mobile Test System. For positive cases in the period covered, 65,244, confirmation analysis and quantification using chromatographic techniques were performed. RESULTS: Opioids were confirmed in 8.6% of positive cases, being 7.2% positives to 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM), 6.5% to morphine, 5.4% to codeine, and 4.1% to methadone. The majority of the confirmed tests for morphine (96.5%), codeine (88.4%) and methadone (81.9) were also positive for 6-AM. The presence of other drugs, particularly cocaine and cannabis, was very common. Concentration values reached important levels. Positive results for morphine (0.1%), codeine (0.6%) or methadone (0.4%) alone were very infrequent. CONCLUSIONS: Drivers with a confirmed positive roadside test for morphine, codeine, and methadone had also consumed heroin and/or other illicit drugs, such as cocaine and/or THC, and at relevant concentrations. Improving interventions to combat the problem of driving under the influence of driving-impairing substances is a priority. SN - 1879-0046 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/29626744/Opioids_in_oral_fluid_of_Spanish_drivers_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -