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In Situ Formation of Free Chlorine During ClO2 Treatment: Implications on the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts.
Environ Sci Technol. 2018 11 20; 52(22):13421-13429.ES

Abstract

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is commonly used as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine in drinking water treatment because it produces limited concentrations of halogenated organic disinfection byproducts. During drinking water treatment, the primary ClO2 byproducts are the chlorite (50-70%) and the chlorate ions (0-30%). However, a significant portion of the ClO2 remains unaccounted for. This study demonstrates that when ClO2 was reacting with phenol, one mole of free available chlorine (FAC) was produced per two moles of consumed ClO2. The in situ formed FAC completed the mass balance on Cl for inorganic ClO2 byproducts (FAC + ClO2- + ClO3-). When reacting with organic matter extracts at near neutral conditions (pH 6.5-8.1), ClO2 also yielded a significant amount of FAC (up to 25%). Up to 27% of this in situ formed FAC was incorporated in organic matter forming adsorbable organic chlorine, which accounted for up to 7% of the initial ClO2 dose. Only low concentrations of regulated trihalomethanes were produced because of an efficient mitigation of their precursors by ClO2 oxidation. Conversely, dichloroacetonitrile formation from ClO2-induced generation of FAC was higher than from addition of FAC in absence of ClO2. Overall, these findings provide important information on the formation of FAC and disinfection byproducts during drinking water treatment with ClO2.

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Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Rougé V
Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, 6845 Perth , Western Australia Australia.
Allard S
Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, 6845 Perth , Western Australia Australia.
Croué JP
Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, 6845 Perth , Western Australia Australia.
von Gunten U
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland. School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland.

MeSH

ChlorineChlorine CompoundsDisinfectantsDisinfectionOxidesTrihalomethanesWater Purification

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

30372050

Citation

Rougé, Valentin, et al. "In Situ Formation of Free Chlorine During ClO2 Treatment: Implications On the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts." Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 52, no. 22, 2018, pp. 13421-13429.
Rougé V, Allard S, Croué JP, et al. In Situ Formation of Free Chlorine During ClO2 Treatment: Implications on the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52(22):13421-13429.
Rougé, V., Allard, S., Croué, J. P., & von Gunten, U. (2018). In Situ Formation of Free Chlorine During ClO2 Treatment: Implications on the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(22), 13421-13429. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04415
Rougé V, et al. In Situ Formation of Free Chlorine During ClO2 Treatment: Implications On the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts. Environ Sci Technol. 2018 11 20;52(22):13421-13429. PubMed PMID: 30372050.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - In Situ Formation of Free Chlorine During ClO2 Treatment: Implications on the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts. AU - Rougé,Valentin, AU - Allard,Sébastien, AU - Croué,Jean-Philippe, AU - von Gunten,Urs, Y1 - 2018/11/09/ PY - 2018/10/30/pubmed PY - 2019/9/19/medline PY - 2018/10/30/entrez SP - 13421 EP - 13429 JF - Environmental science & technology JO - Environ Sci Technol VL - 52 IS - 22 N2 - Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is commonly used as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine in drinking water treatment because it produces limited concentrations of halogenated organic disinfection byproducts. During drinking water treatment, the primary ClO2 byproducts are the chlorite (50-70%) and the chlorate ions (0-30%). However, a significant portion of the ClO2 remains unaccounted for. This study demonstrates that when ClO2 was reacting with phenol, one mole of free available chlorine (FAC) was produced per two moles of consumed ClO2. The in situ formed FAC completed the mass balance on Cl for inorganic ClO2 byproducts (FAC + ClO2- + ClO3-). When reacting with organic matter extracts at near neutral conditions (pH 6.5-8.1), ClO2 also yielded a significant amount of FAC (up to 25%). Up to 27% of this in situ formed FAC was incorporated in organic matter forming adsorbable organic chlorine, which accounted for up to 7% of the initial ClO2 dose. Only low concentrations of regulated trihalomethanes were produced because of an efficient mitigation of their precursors by ClO2 oxidation. Conversely, dichloroacetonitrile formation from ClO2-induced generation of FAC was higher than from addition of FAC in absence of ClO2. Overall, these findings provide important information on the formation of FAC and disinfection byproducts during drinking water treatment with ClO2. SN - 1520-5851 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/30372050/In_Situ_Formation_of_Free_Chlorine_During_ClO2_Treatment:_Implications_on_the_Formation_of_Disinfection_Byproducts_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -