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Red meat, processed meat, and other dietary protein sources and risk of overall and cause-specific mortality in The Netherlands Cohort Study.
Eur J Epidemiol. 2019 Apr; 34(4):351-369.EJ

Abstract

Processed meat and red meat have been associated with increased mortality, but studies are inconsistent and few have investigated substitution by other protein sources. The relationship of overall and causes-specific mortality with red meat, processed meat, and other dietary protein sources was investigated in The Netherlands Cohort Study. In 1986, 120,852 men and women aged 55-69 years provided information on dietary and lifestyle habits. Mortality follow-up until 1996 consisted of linkage to statistics Netherlands. Multivariable case-cohort analyses were based on 8823 deaths and 3202 subcohort members with complete data on diet and confounders. Red meat (unprocessed) intake was not associated with overall and cause-specific mortality. Processed meat intake was significantly positively related to overall mortality: HR (95% CI) comparing highest versus lowest quintile, 1.21 (1.02-1.44) with Ptrend = 0.049. Significant associations were observed for cardiovascular [HR Q5 vs. Q1, 1.26 (1.01-1.26)] and respiratory [HR = 1.79 (1.19-2.67)], but not cancer mortality [HR = 1.16 (0.97-1.39)]. Adjustment for nitrite intake attenuated these associations which became nonsignificant: HRs Q5 versus Q1 (95% CI) were: 1.10 (0.77-1.55) for total, 1.09 (0.71-1.67) for cardiovascular, 1.44 (0.68-3.05) for respiratory, and 1.11 (0.78-1.58) for cancer mortality. Nitrite was significantly associated with overall, CVD and respiratory mortality. Poultry intake was significantly inversely related to cancer and overall mortality. While fish intake showed positive associations, nut intake showed inverse associations with all endpoints. Replacing processed meat with a combination of poultry, eggs, fish, pulses, nuts and low-fat dairy was associated with lower risks of overall, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. Processed meat was related to increased overall, CVD and respiratory mortality, potentially due to nitrite. Substituting processed meat with other protein sources was associated with lower mortality risks.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

van den Brandt PA
Department of Epidemiology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. PA.vandenBrandt@maastrichtuniversity.nl. Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI-School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. PA.vandenBrandt@maastrichtuniversity.nl.

MeSH

AgedCause of DeathCohort StudiesDietary ProteinsFemaleHumansMaleMeatMiddle AgedMortalityNetherlandsRed MeatRisk Factors

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

30673923

Citation

van den Brandt, Piet A.. "Red Meat, Processed Meat, and Other Dietary Protein Sources and Risk of Overall and Cause-specific Mortality in the Netherlands Cohort Study." European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 34, no. 4, 2019, pp. 351-369.
van den Brandt PA. Red meat, processed meat, and other dietary protein sources and risk of overall and cause-specific mortality in The Netherlands Cohort Study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2019;34(4):351-369.
van den Brandt, P. A. (2019). Red meat, processed meat, and other dietary protein sources and risk of overall and cause-specific mortality in The Netherlands Cohort Study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 34(4), 351-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00483-9
van den Brandt PA. Red Meat, Processed Meat, and Other Dietary Protein Sources and Risk of Overall and Cause-specific Mortality in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2019;34(4):351-369. PubMed PMID: 30673923.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Red meat, processed meat, and other dietary protein sources and risk of overall and cause-specific mortality in The Netherlands Cohort Study. A1 - van den Brandt,Piet A, Y1 - 2019/01/23/ PY - 2018/09/24/received PY - 2019/01/11/accepted PY - 2019/1/24/pubmed PY - 2019/9/17/medline PY - 2019/1/24/entrez KW - Cardiovascular diseases KW - Cohort studies KW - Mortality KW - Neoplasms KW - Processed meat KW - Protein sources KW - Red meat KW - Respiratory diseases SP - 351 EP - 369 JF - European journal of epidemiology JO - Eur J Epidemiol VL - 34 IS - 4 N2 - Processed meat and red meat have been associated with increased mortality, but studies are inconsistent and few have investigated substitution by other protein sources. The relationship of overall and causes-specific mortality with red meat, processed meat, and other dietary protein sources was investigated in The Netherlands Cohort Study. In 1986, 120,852 men and women aged 55-69 years provided information on dietary and lifestyle habits. Mortality follow-up until 1996 consisted of linkage to statistics Netherlands. Multivariable case-cohort analyses were based on 8823 deaths and 3202 subcohort members with complete data on diet and confounders. Red meat (unprocessed) intake was not associated with overall and cause-specific mortality. Processed meat intake was significantly positively related to overall mortality: HR (95% CI) comparing highest versus lowest quintile, 1.21 (1.02-1.44) with Ptrend = 0.049. Significant associations were observed for cardiovascular [HR Q5 vs. Q1, 1.26 (1.01-1.26)] and respiratory [HR = 1.79 (1.19-2.67)], but not cancer mortality [HR = 1.16 (0.97-1.39)]. Adjustment for nitrite intake attenuated these associations which became nonsignificant: HRs Q5 versus Q1 (95% CI) were: 1.10 (0.77-1.55) for total, 1.09 (0.71-1.67) for cardiovascular, 1.44 (0.68-3.05) for respiratory, and 1.11 (0.78-1.58) for cancer mortality. Nitrite was significantly associated with overall, CVD and respiratory mortality. Poultry intake was significantly inversely related to cancer and overall mortality. While fish intake showed positive associations, nut intake showed inverse associations with all endpoints. Replacing processed meat with a combination of poultry, eggs, fish, pulses, nuts and low-fat dairy was associated with lower risks of overall, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. Processed meat was related to increased overall, CVD and respiratory mortality, potentially due to nitrite. Substituting processed meat with other protein sources was associated with lower mortality risks. SN - 1573-7284 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/30673923/Red_meat_processed_meat_and_other_dietary_protein_sources_and_risk_of_overall_and_cause_specific_mortality_in_The_Netherlands_Cohort_Study_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -