TY - JOUR T1 - Anti-Inflammatory Response and Muscarinic Cholinergic Regulation during the Laxative Effect of Asparagus cochinchinensis in Loperamide-Induced Constipation of SD Rats. AU - Kim,Ji Eun, AU - Park,Ji Won, AU - Kang,Mi Ju, AU - Choi,Hyeon Jun, AU - Bae,Su Ji, AU - Choi,You Sang, AU - Lee,Young Ju, AU - Lee,Hee Seob, AU - Hong,Jin Tae, AU - Hwang,Dae Youn, Y1 - 2019/02/21/ PY - 2018/12/31/received PY - 2019/02/15/revised PY - 2019/02/19/accepted PY - 2019/2/24/entrez PY - 2019/2/24/pubmed PY - 2019/5/30/medline KW - Asparagus cochinchinensis KW - acetylcholine esterase KW - constipation KW - cytokines KW - inflammation KW - muscarinic acetylcholine receptors JF - International journal of molecular sciences JO - Int J Mol Sci VL - 20 IS - 4 N2 - Several types of saponins and herbal plants containing saponins have been reported to have anti-inflammatory or laxative activities. To verify the therapeutic effects of saponin-enriched extracts of Asparagus cochinchinensis (SPA) on the anti-inflammatory response and on the cholinergic regulation in the gastrointestinal system, an alteration on the constipation phenotypes, on the inflammatory responses, and on the muscarinic cholinergic regulation were investigated in the transverse colons of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with loperamide (Lop)-induced constipation after the treatment of SPA. Significant increases were observed on the total number of stools, the gastrointestinal transit, the thickness of the mucosal layer, the flat luminal surface, the number of paneth cells, and the lipid droplets in the Lop + SPA-treated group as compared to the Lop + Vehicle-treated group. SPA treatment induced the recovery of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and IL-6), inflammatory mediators (NF-κB and iNOS), the total number of infiltered mast cells, and mucin secretion. Also, some similar improvements were observed on the levels of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and on the phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC) as well as the expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M2/M3 (mAChR M2/M3) and their mediators. The results presented herein provide the first strong evidence that SPA stimulates anti-inflammatory responses and the muscarinic cholinergic regulation when exerting its laxative effects in the chronic constipation of Lop-induced models. SN - 1422-0067 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/30795644/Anti_Inflammatory_Response_and_Muscarinic_Cholinergic_Regulation_during_the_Laxative_Effect_of_Asparagus_cochinchinensis_in_Loperamide_Induced_Constipation_of_SD_Rats_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -