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Integrated control of CX3R-type DBP formation by coupling thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation and chloramination.
Water Res. 2019 Sep 01; 160:304-312.WR

Abstract

The alternative disinfectant chloramine can lower the formation of carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) but promote the formation of nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), which are more cytotoxic and genotoxic. In this study, the combination of thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation and post-chloramination (TA/PS-NH2Cl) was proposed to control the formation and reduce the toxicity of both C-DBPs and N-DBPs. The formation, speciation and toxicity of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloaldehydes, haloacetonitriles, halonitromethanes and haloacetamides, collectively defined as CX3R-type DBPs, under TA/PS-NH2Cl process were compared with processes of chlorination alone (Cl2), chloramination alone (NH2Cl) and coupled thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation with post-chlorination (TA/PS-Cl2). Results showed that chloramination could reduce formation of C-DBPs and total organic halogen (TOX) while increase N-DBP formation, and the introduction of TA/PS pretreatment process slightly increased the formation of C-DBPs and TOX but sharply reduced the formation of N-DBPs with higher toxicity as well as brominated CX3R-type DBPs that are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. By comprehensive toxicity calculation, an outright decline of both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity risk of CX3R-type DBPs was observed during TA/PS-NH2Cl process compared with Cl2, NH2Cl, and TA/PS-Cl2 processes. In summary, TA/PS-NH2Cl process was a potential effective method for integrally controlling the formation of CX3R-type DBPs and their toxicity and is suggested to be used to treat raw waters containing no bromide or low levels of bromide considering bromate caused by TA/PS pre-oxidation. The study may provide a feasible and economical method for DBP control on the background of global warming.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Zhang A
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China.
Wang F
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
Chu W
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China. Electronic address: feedwater@126.com.
Yang X
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China.
Pan Y
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
Zhu H
Shanghai Municipal Water Supply Dispatching and Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200002, China.

MeSH

ChloraminesChlorineDisinfectantsDisinfectionHalogenationTrihalomethanesWater Pollutants, ChemicalWater Purification

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

31154128

Citation

Zhang, Aihong, et al. "Integrated Control of CX3R-type DBP Formation By Coupling Thermally Activated Persulfate Pre-oxidation and Chloramination." Water Research, vol. 160, 2019, pp. 304-312.
Zhang A, Wang F, Chu W, et al. Integrated control of CX3R-type DBP formation by coupling thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation and chloramination. Water Res. 2019;160:304-312.
Zhang, A., Wang, F., Chu, W., Yang, X., Pan, Y., & Zhu, H. (2019). Integrated control of CX3R-type DBP formation by coupling thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation and chloramination. Water Research, 160, 304-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.047
Zhang A, et al. Integrated Control of CX3R-type DBP Formation By Coupling Thermally Activated Persulfate Pre-oxidation and Chloramination. Water Res. 2019 Sep 1;160:304-312. PubMed PMID: 31154128.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Integrated control of CX3R-type DBP formation by coupling thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation and chloramination. AU - Zhang,Aihong, AU - Wang,Feifei, AU - Chu,Wenhai, AU - Yang,Xu, AU - Pan,Yang, AU - Zhu,Huifeng, Y1 - 2019/05/20/ PY - 2019/01/21/received PY - 2019/05/15/revised PY - 2019/05/16/accepted PY - 2019/6/4/pubmed PY - 2019/11/7/medline PY - 2019/6/3/entrez KW - CX(3)R-type disinfection by-products KW - Chloramination KW - Drinking water KW - Nitrogenous disinfection by-products KW - Thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation SP - 304 EP - 312 JF - Water research JO - Water Res VL - 160 N2 - The alternative disinfectant chloramine can lower the formation of carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) but promote the formation of nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), which are more cytotoxic and genotoxic. In this study, the combination of thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation and post-chloramination (TA/PS-NH2Cl) was proposed to control the formation and reduce the toxicity of both C-DBPs and N-DBPs. The formation, speciation and toxicity of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloaldehydes, haloacetonitriles, halonitromethanes and haloacetamides, collectively defined as CX3R-type DBPs, under TA/PS-NH2Cl process were compared with processes of chlorination alone (Cl2), chloramination alone (NH2Cl) and coupled thermally activated persulfate pre-oxidation with post-chlorination (TA/PS-Cl2). Results showed that chloramination could reduce formation of C-DBPs and total organic halogen (TOX) while increase N-DBP formation, and the introduction of TA/PS pretreatment process slightly increased the formation of C-DBPs and TOX but sharply reduced the formation of N-DBPs with higher toxicity as well as brominated CX3R-type DBPs that are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. By comprehensive toxicity calculation, an outright decline of both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity risk of CX3R-type DBPs was observed during TA/PS-NH2Cl process compared with Cl2, NH2Cl, and TA/PS-Cl2 processes. In summary, TA/PS-NH2Cl process was a potential effective method for integrally controlling the formation of CX3R-type DBPs and their toxicity and is suggested to be used to treat raw waters containing no bromide or low levels of bromide considering bromate caused by TA/PS pre-oxidation. The study may provide a feasible and economical method for DBP control on the background of global warming. SN - 1879-2448 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/31154128/Integrated_control_of_CX3R_type_DBP_formation_by_coupling_thermally_activated_persulfate_pre_oxidation_and_chloramination_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -

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