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Disinfection byproducts and their toxicity in wastewater effluents treated by the mixing oxidant of ClO2/Cl2.
Water Res. 2019 Oct 01; 162:471-481.WR

Abstract

Mixing oxidant of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorine (Cl2) often applied in water disinfection. Two secondary wastewater effluents at different ammonium-N levels (0.1 and 1.6 mg N L-1) were treated with the mixing oxidant (ClO2/Cl2) to evaluate the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and the associated cytotoxicity of treated wastewaters. The total chlorine concentrations of ClO2 and Cl2 were maintained at 10 mg L-1 as Cl2 with varied mixing ratios of ClO2 to Cl2. The formation of 37 halogenated DBPs, including nitrogenous, brominated and iodinated analogues, and 2 inorganic DBPs (chlorite and chlorate) was examined. The sum concentrations of the halogenated DBPs were reduced remarkably with decreasing Cl2 percentages, but each individual DBP group had distinct features. The regulated trihalomethanes reduced the most when ClO2 was present in chlorination, but decreasing Cl2 percentage from 70% to 30% was not quite effective to reduce the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids and haloacetontriles in low ammonium-N wastewater. The bromine and iodine substitution factors tend to increase with decreasing Cl2 percentages, indicating that destruction of DBP precursors by ClO2 favored bromine and iodine incorporation. Additionally, decreasing Cl2 percentages in the mixing oxidant (ClO2/Cl2) was often accompanied with lower chlorate formation but higher chlorite formation. The toxicity of treated wastewaters was evaluated through two approaches: the calculated cytotoxicity based on the concentrations of detected DBPs and the experimental cytotoxicity using the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The calculated cytotoxicity decreased with decreasing Cl2 percentages, with haloacetonitriles and haloacetaldehydes as predominate contributors. However, the experimental cytotoxicity tests showed that treatment of high ammonium-N wastewater with ClO2/Cl2 exhibited considerable higher (> 3 times) cytotoxicity potency than using single disinfectant.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Zhong Y
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
Gan W
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
Du Y
Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
Huang H
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
Wu Q
Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
Xiang Y
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Shang C
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Yang X
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. Electronic address: yangx36@mail.sysu.edu.cn.

MeSH

AnimalsCHO CellsChlorineCricetinaeCricetulusDisinfectantsDisinfectionHalogenationOxidantsWastewaterWater Pollutants, ChemicalWater Purification

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

31302364

Citation

Zhong, Yu, et al. "Disinfection Byproducts and Their Toxicity in Wastewater Effluents Treated By the Mixing Oxidant of ClO2/Cl2." Water Research, vol. 162, 2019, pp. 471-481.
Zhong Y, Gan W, Du Y, et al. Disinfection byproducts and their toxicity in wastewater effluents treated by the mixing oxidant of ClO2/Cl2. Water Res. 2019;162:471-481.
Zhong, Y., Gan, W., Du, Y., Huang, H., Wu, Q., Xiang, Y., Shang, C., & Yang, X. (2019). Disinfection byproducts and their toxicity in wastewater effluents treated by the mixing oxidant of ClO2/Cl2. Water Research, 162, 471-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.012
Zhong Y, et al. Disinfection Byproducts and Their Toxicity in Wastewater Effluents Treated By the Mixing Oxidant of ClO2/Cl2. Water Res. 2019 Oct 1;162:471-481. PubMed PMID: 31302364.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Disinfection byproducts and their toxicity in wastewater effluents treated by the mixing oxidant of ClO2/Cl2. AU - Zhong,Yu, AU - Gan,Wenhui, AU - Du,Ye, AU - Huang,Huang, AU - Wu,Qianyuan, AU - Xiang,YingYing, AU - Shang,Chii, AU - Yang,Xin, Y1 - 2019/07/06/ PY - 2019/01/30/received PY - 2019/07/04/revised PY - 2019/07/05/accepted PY - 2019/7/16/pubmed PY - 2019/11/19/medline PY - 2019/7/15/entrez KW - Ammonia KW - Bromide KW - Chlorine (Cl(2)) KW - Chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) KW - Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) KW - Wastewater treatment SP - 471 EP - 481 JF - Water research JO - Water Res VL - 162 N2 - Mixing oxidant of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorine (Cl2) often applied in water disinfection. Two secondary wastewater effluents at different ammonium-N levels (0.1 and 1.6 mg N L-1) were treated with the mixing oxidant (ClO2/Cl2) to evaluate the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and the associated cytotoxicity of treated wastewaters. The total chlorine concentrations of ClO2 and Cl2 were maintained at 10 mg L-1 as Cl2 with varied mixing ratios of ClO2 to Cl2. The formation of 37 halogenated DBPs, including nitrogenous, brominated and iodinated analogues, and 2 inorganic DBPs (chlorite and chlorate) was examined. The sum concentrations of the halogenated DBPs were reduced remarkably with decreasing Cl2 percentages, but each individual DBP group had distinct features. The regulated trihalomethanes reduced the most when ClO2 was present in chlorination, but decreasing Cl2 percentage from 70% to 30% was not quite effective to reduce the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids and haloacetontriles in low ammonium-N wastewater. The bromine and iodine substitution factors tend to increase with decreasing Cl2 percentages, indicating that destruction of DBP precursors by ClO2 favored bromine and iodine incorporation. Additionally, decreasing Cl2 percentages in the mixing oxidant (ClO2/Cl2) was often accompanied with lower chlorate formation but higher chlorite formation. The toxicity of treated wastewaters was evaluated through two approaches: the calculated cytotoxicity based on the concentrations of detected DBPs and the experimental cytotoxicity using the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The calculated cytotoxicity decreased with decreasing Cl2 percentages, with haloacetonitriles and haloacetaldehydes as predominate contributors. However, the experimental cytotoxicity tests showed that treatment of high ammonium-N wastewater with ClO2/Cl2 exhibited considerable higher (> 3 times) cytotoxicity potency than using single disinfectant. SN - 1879-2448 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/31302364/Disinfection_byproducts_and_their_toxicity_in_wastewater_effluents_treated_by_the_mixing_oxidant_of_ClO2/Cl2_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -