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Co-metabolism of sulfamethoxazole by a freshwater microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa.
Water Res. 2020 May 15; 175:115656.WR

Abstract

Microalgae-mediated biodegradation of antibiotics has recently gained increased attention from international scientific community. However, limited information is available regarding microalgae-mediated biodegradation of SMX in a co-metabolic system. Here we investigated the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by five algal species (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Scenedesmus obliquus, Scenedesmus acuminatus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa), and its transformation pathways by C. pyrenoidosa in a sodium acetate (3 mM) co-metabolic system. The results showed that the highest SMX dissipation (14.9%) was detected by C. pyrenoidosa after 11 days of cultivation among the five tested algal species in the absence of other carbon sources. The addition of sodium acetate (0-8 mM) significantly enhanced the dissipation efficiency of SMX (0.4 μM) from 6.05% to 99.3% by C. pyrenoidosa after 5 days of cultivation, and the dissipation of SMX followed the first-order kinetic model with apparent rate constants (k) ranging from 0.0107 to 0.9811 d-1. Based on the results of mass balance analysis, biodegradation by C. pyrenoidosa was the main mechanism for the dissipation of SMX in the culture medium. Fifteen phase I and phase II metabolites were identified, and subsequently the transformation pathway was proposed, including oxidation, hydroxylation, formylation and side chain breakdown, as well as pterin-related conjugation. The majority of metabolites of SMX were only observed in the culture medium and varied with cultivation time. The findings of the present study showed effective co-metabolism of a sulfonamide by microalgae, and it may be applied in the aquatic environment remediation and wastewater treatment in the future.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Xiong Q
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
Liu YS
SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China. Electronic address: yousheng.liu@m.scnu.edu.cn.
Hu LX
SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
Shi ZQ
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
Cai WW
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
He LY
SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
Ying GG
SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China. Electronic address: guangguo.ying@m.scnu.edu.cn.

MeSH

ChlorellaFresh WaterMicroalgaeScenedesmusSulfamethoxazole

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

32145399

Citation

Xiong, Qian, et al. "Co-metabolism of Sulfamethoxazole By a Freshwater Microalga Chlorella Pyrenoidosa." Water Research, vol. 175, 2020, p. 115656.
Xiong Q, Liu YS, Hu LX, et al. Co-metabolism of sulfamethoxazole by a freshwater microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Water Res. 2020;175:115656.
Xiong, Q., Liu, Y. S., Hu, L. X., Shi, Z. Q., Cai, W. W., He, L. Y., & Ying, G. G. (2020). Co-metabolism of sulfamethoxazole by a freshwater microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Water Research, 175, 115656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115656
Xiong Q, et al. Co-metabolism of Sulfamethoxazole By a Freshwater Microalga Chlorella Pyrenoidosa. Water Res. 2020 May 15;175:115656. PubMed PMID: 32145399.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Co-metabolism of sulfamethoxazole by a freshwater microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. AU - Xiong,Qian, AU - Liu,You-Sheng, AU - Hu,Li-Xin, AU - Shi,Zhou-Qi, AU - Cai,Wen-Wen, AU - He,Liang-Ying, AU - Ying,Guang-Guo, Y1 - 2020/02/28/ PY - 2019/11/28/received PY - 2020/02/17/revised PY - 2020/02/25/accepted PY - 2020/3/8/pubmed PY - 2020/4/16/medline PY - 2020/3/8/entrez KW - Antibiotic KW - Biodegradation KW - Co-metabolism KW - Microalgae KW - Sulfamethoxazole KW - Transformation products SP - 115656 EP - 115656 JF - Water research JO - Water Res VL - 175 N2 - Microalgae-mediated biodegradation of antibiotics has recently gained increased attention from international scientific community. However, limited information is available regarding microalgae-mediated biodegradation of SMX in a co-metabolic system. Here we investigated the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by five algal species (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Scenedesmus obliquus, Scenedesmus acuminatus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa), and its transformation pathways by C. pyrenoidosa in a sodium acetate (3 mM) co-metabolic system. The results showed that the highest SMX dissipation (14.9%) was detected by C. pyrenoidosa after 11 days of cultivation among the five tested algal species in the absence of other carbon sources. The addition of sodium acetate (0-8 mM) significantly enhanced the dissipation efficiency of SMX (0.4 μM) from 6.05% to 99.3% by C. pyrenoidosa after 5 days of cultivation, and the dissipation of SMX followed the first-order kinetic model with apparent rate constants (k) ranging from 0.0107 to 0.9811 d-1. Based on the results of mass balance analysis, biodegradation by C. pyrenoidosa was the main mechanism for the dissipation of SMX in the culture medium. Fifteen phase I and phase II metabolites were identified, and subsequently the transformation pathway was proposed, including oxidation, hydroxylation, formylation and side chain breakdown, as well as pterin-related conjugation. The majority of metabolites of SMX were only observed in the culture medium and varied with cultivation time. The findings of the present study showed effective co-metabolism of a sulfonamide by microalgae, and it may be applied in the aquatic environment remediation and wastewater treatment in the future. SN - 1879-2448 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/32145399/Co_metabolism_of_sulfamethoxazole_by_a_freshwater_microalga_Chlorella_pyrenoidosa_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -