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Coronavirus Disease Pandemic (COVID-19): Challenges and a Global Perspective.
Pathogens. 2020 06 28; 9(7)P

Abstract

The technology-driven world of the 21st century is currently confronted with a major threat to humankind, represented by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of now, COVID-19 has affected more than 6 million confirmed cases and took 0.39 million human lives. SARS-CoV-2 spreads much faster than its two ancestors, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV), but has low fatality rates. Our analyses speculate that the efficient replication and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 might be due to the high-density basic amino acid residues, preferably positioned in close proximity at both the furin-like cleavage sites (S1/S2 and S2') within the spike protein. Given the high genomic similarities of SARS-CoV-2 to bat SARS-like CoVs, it is likely that bats serve as a reservoir host for its progenitor. Women and children are less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, while the elderly and people with comorbidities are more prone to serious clinical outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm. The cohesive approach amongst researchers across the globe has delivered high-end viral diagnostics. However, home-based point-of-care diagnostics are still under development, which may prove transformative in current COVID-19 pandemic containment. Similarly, vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 are currently in the pipeline for clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the noteworthy advancements, focusing on the etiological viral agent, comparative genomic analysis, population susceptibility, disease epidemiology and diagnosis, animal reservoirs, laboratory animal models, disease transmission, therapeutics, vaccine challenges, and disease mitigation measures.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Malik YS
Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
Kumar N
ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India.
Sircar S
Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
Kaushik R
Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Biosystems Dynamics Research Center, Riken 250-0047, Japan.
Bhat S
Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
Dhama K
Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
Gupta P
Medical Microbiology, Department of Virology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
Goyal K
Medical Microbiology, Department of Virology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
Singh MP
Medical Microbiology, Department of Virology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
Ghoshal U
Dept. of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India.
El Zowalaty ME
Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE 75123 Uppsala SE75-123, Sweden. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE.
O R V
Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
Yatoo MI
Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190025, India.
Tiwari R
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001, India.
Pathak M
Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
Patel SK
Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
Sah R
Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu P.O.BOX 1524, Nepal.
Rodriguez-Morales AJ
Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira 660001, Colombia. Grupo de Investigacion Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda 660003, Colombia.
Ganesh B
Laboratory Division, Indian Council of Medical Research -National Institute of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India.
Kumar P
Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, J-3 Block, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India.
Singh RK
Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Review

Language

eng

PubMed ID

32605194

Citation

Malik, Yashpal Singh, et al. "Coronavirus Disease Pandemic (COVID-19): Challenges and a Global Perspective." Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 9, no. 7, 2020.
Malik YS, Kumar N, Sircar S, et al. Coronavirus Disease Pandemic (COVID-19): Challenges and a Global Perspective. Pathogens. 2020;9(7).
Malik, Y. S., Kumar, N., Sircar, S., Kaushik, R., Bhat, S., Dhama, K., Gupta, P., Goyal, K., Singh, M. P., Ghoshal, U., El Zowalaty, M. E., O R, V., Yatoo, M. I., Tiwari, R., Pathak, M., Patel, S. K., Sah, R., Rodriguez-Morales, A. J., Ganesh, B., ... Singh, R. K. (2020). Coronavirus Disease Pandemic (COVID-19): Challenges and a Global Perspective. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 9(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070519
Malik YS, et al. Coronavirus Disease Pandemic (COVID-19): Challenges and a Global Perspective. Pathogens. 2020 06 28;9(7) PubMed PMID: 32605194.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Coronavirus Disease Pandemic (COVID-19): Challenges and a Global Perspective. AU - Malik,Yashpal Singh, AU - Kumar,Naveen, AU - Sircar,Shubhankar, AU - Kaushik,Rahul, AU - Bhat,Sudipta, AU - Dhama,Kuldeep, AU - Gupta,Parakriti, AU - Goyal,Kapil, AU - Singh,Mini P, AU - Ghoshal,Ujjala, AU - El Zowalaty,Mohamed E, AU - O R,VinodhKumar, AU - Yatoo,Mohd Iqbal, AU - Tiwari,Ruchi, AU - Pathak,Mamta, AU - Patel,Shailesh Kumar, AU - Sah,Ranjit, AU - Rodriguez-Morales,Alfonso J, AU - Ganesh,Balasubramanian, AU - Kumar,Prashant, AU - Singh,Raj Kumar, Y1 - 2020/06/28/ PY - 2020/05/22/received PY - 2020/06/19/revised PY - 2020/06/25/accepted PY - 2020/7/2/entrez PY - 2020/7/2/pubmed PY - 2020/7/2/medline KW - COVID-19 KW - Coronavirus KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - diagnosis KW - pandemic KW - pathobiology KW - therapeutics KW - vaccines JF - Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) JO - Pathogens VL - 9 IS - 7 N2 - The technology-driven world of the 21st century is currently confronted with a major threat to humankind, represented by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of now, COVID-19 has affected more than 6 million confirmed cases and took 0.39 million human lives. SARS-CoV-2 spreads much faster than its two ancestors, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV), but has low fatality rates. Our analyses speculate that the efficient replication and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 might be due to the high-density basic amino acid residues, preferably positioned in close proximity at both the furin-like cleavage sites (S1/S2 and S2') within the spike protein. Given the high genomic similarities of SARS-CoV-2 to bat SARS-like CoVs, it is likely that bats serve as a reservoir host for its progenitor. Women and children are less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, while the elderly and people with comorbidities are more prone to serious clinical outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm. The cohesive approach amongst researchers across the globe has delivered high-end viral diagnostics. However, home-based point-of-care diagnostics are still under development, which may prove transformative in current COVID-19 pandemic containment. Similarly, vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 are currently in the pipeline for clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the noteworthy advancements, focusing on the etiological viral agent, comparative genomic analysis, population susceptibility, disease epidemiology and diagnosis, animal reservoirs, laboratory animal models, disease transmission, therapeutics, vaccine challenges, and disease mitigation measures. SN - 2076-0817 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/32605194/Coronavirus_Disease_Pandemic__COVID_19_:_Challenges_and_a_Global_Perspective_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -