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COVID-19: The Immune Responses and Clinical Therapy Candidates.
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Aug 03; 21(15)IJ

Abstract

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with rising numbers of patients worldwide, presents an urgent need for effective treatments. To date, there are no therapies or vaccines that are proven to be effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several potential candidates or repurposed drugs are under investigation, including drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and block infection. The most promising therapy to date is remdesivir, which is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for emergency use in adults and children hospitalized with severe suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Herein we summarize the general features of SARS-CoV-2's molecular and immune pathogenesis and discuss available pharmacological strategies, based on our present understanding of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections. Finally, we outline clinical trials currently in progress to investigate the efficacy of potential therapies for COVID-19.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Zhand S
School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran.
Saghaeian Jazi M
Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medcial Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran. Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran.
Mohammadi S
Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran. Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran.
Tarighati Rasekhi R
Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Rostamian G
Reliance GP Super-Clinic, Gosford, NSW 2250, Australia.
Kalani MR
Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran.
Rostamian A
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Alborz 3149968111, Iran.
George J
Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
Douglas MW
Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia. Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.

MeSH

Adaptive ImmunityAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAntiviral AgentsBetacoronavirusCOVID-19Coronavirus InfectionsHumansImmunotherapyMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome CoronavirusOpen Reading FramesPandemicsPneumonia, ViralSARS-CoV-2

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Review

Language

eng

PubMed ID

32756480

Citation

Zhand, Sareh, et al. "COVID-19: the Immune Responses and Clinical Therapy Candidates." International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 21, no. 15, 2020.
Zhand S, Saghaeian Jazi M, Mohammadi S, et al. COVID-19: The Immune Responses and Clinical Therapy Candidates. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(15).
Zhand, S., Saghaeian Jazi, M., Mohammadi, S., Tarighati Rasekhi, R., Rostamian, G., Kalani, M. R., Rostamian, A., George, J., & Douglas, M. W. (2020). COVID-19: The Immune Responses and Clinical Therapy Candidates. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155559
Zhand S, et al. COVID-19: the Immune Responses and Clinical Therapy Candidates. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Aug 3;21(15) PubMed PMID: 32756480.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - COVID-19: The Immune Responses and Clinical Therapy Candidates. AU - Zhand,Sareh, AU - Saghaeian Jazi,Marie, AU - Mohammadi,Saeed, AU - Tarighati Rasekhi,Roozbeh, AU - Rostamian,Ghassem, AU - Kalani,Mohammad Reza, AU - Rostamian,Aida, AU - George,Jacob, AU - Douglas,Mark W, Y1 - 2020/08/03/ PY - 2020/07/15/received PY - 2020/07/29/revised PY - 2020/07/31/accepted PY - 2020/8/7/entrez PY - 2020/8/7/pubmed PY - 2020/8/13/medline KW - COVID-19 KW - MERS-CoV KW - SARS-CoV KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - adjunctive therapy KW - anti-parasite KW - anti-viral KW - clinical trial KW - immunotherapy KW - molecular immune response JF - International journal of molecular sciences JO - Int J Mol Sci VL - 21 IS - 15 N2 - The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with rising numbers of patients worldwide, presents an urgent need for effective treatments. To date, there are no therapies or vaccines that are proven to be effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several potential candidates or repurposed drugs are under investigation, including drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and block infection. The most promising therapy to date is remdesivir, which is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for emergency use in adults and children hospitalized with severe suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Herein we summarize the general features of SARS-CoV-2's molecular and immune pathogenesis and discuss available pharmacological strategies, based on our present understanding of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections. Finally, we outline clinical trials currently in progress to investigate the efficacy of potential therapies for COVID-19. SN - 1422-0067 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/32756480/COVID_19:_The_Immune_Responses_and_Clinical_Therapy_Candidates_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -