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Geogenic and anthropogenic sources identification and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the urban soil of Yazd, central Iran.
PLoS One. 2021; 16(11):e0260418.Plos

Abstract

Urban soil pollution with heavy metals is one of the environmental problems in recent years, especially in industrial cities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of geogenic and anthropogenic sources in the urban soil pollution in Yazd, Iran. For this purpose, 30 top-soil (0-10 cm) samples from Yazd within an area of 136.37 Km2 and population of nearly 656 thousand are collected, and the concentration of heavy elements is measured. To evaluate factors affecting the concentration of heavy elements in urban soils and determine their possible sources, Multivariate statistical analysis, including correlation coefficient, principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) are performed. Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and Modified potential ecological Risk Index (MRI) are used to assess the level and extension of contamination. Results of this study suggest that As, Cd, Pb and Zn are affected by anthropogenic source, while the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu and Cs have come from mostly natural geologic sources. As, Cd and Pb are considerably enriched in the area, provided moderately enriched for the elements Mn, Zn and Cu. However, the other heavy elements show minimal enrichment. Igeo reveal that Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni with negative values are unpolluted, Pb posed unpolluted to moderately polluted, and As and Cd represent high polluted. Based on the results of the ecological risk factor, the heavy metals of Mn, Ni, Cr, Zn and Cu have a low ecological risk level. More specifically, we find that Pb shows a moderated ecological risk in 39% of the urban soil in the studied area. As and Cd with respectively 100 and 72% contribution have considerable and very high ecological risk. According to the results of MRI, the area is in a very high ecological risk level, and appropriate management practice is essential to reduce the pollution of heavy elements in this area.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi S
Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
Ghasemi M
Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
Ghanbarian B
Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America.

MeSH

CitiesEnvironmental MonitoringEnvironmental PollutionIranMetals, HeavyRisk AssessmentSoilSoil Pollutants

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

34843585

Citation

Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi, Somayeh, et al. "Geogenic and Anthropogenic Sources Identification and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Urban Soil of Yazd, Central Iran." PloS One, vol. 16, no. 11, 2021, pp. e0260418.
Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi S, Ghasemi M, Ghanbarian B. Geogenic and anthropogenic sources identification and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the urban soil of Yazd, central Iran. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0260418.
Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi, S., Ghasemi, M., & Ghanbarian, B. (2021). Geogenic and anthropogenic sources identification and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the urban soil of Yazd, central Iran. PloS One, 16(11), e0260418. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260418
Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi S, Ghasemi M, Ghanbarian B. Geogenic and Anthropogenic Sources Identification and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Urban Soil of Yazd, Central Iran. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0260418. PubMed PMID: 34843585.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Geogenic and anthropogenic sources identification and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the urban soil of Yazd, central Iran. AU - Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi,Somayeh, AU - Ghasemi,Mohsen, AU - Ghanbarian,Behzad, Y1 - 2021/11/29/ PY - 2021/03/31/received PY - 2021/11/09/accepted PY - 2021/11/29/entrez PY - 2021/11/30/pubmed PY - 2022/1/6/medline SP - e0260418 EP - e0260418 JF - PloS one JO - PLoS One VL - 16 IS - 11 N2 - Urban soil pollution with heavy metals is one of the environmental problems in recent years, especially in industrial cities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of geogenic and anthropogenic sources in the urban soil pollution in Yazd, Iran. For this purpose, 30 top-soil (0-10 cm) samples from Yazd within an area of 136.37 Km2 and population of nearly 656 thousand are collected, and the concentration of heavy elements is measured. To evaluate factors affecting the concentration of heavy elements in urban soils and determine their possible sources, Multivariate statistical analysis, including correlation coefficient, principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) are performed. Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and Modified potential ecological Risk Index (MRI) are used to assess the level and extension of contamination. Results of this study suggest that As, Cd, Pb and Zn are affected by anthropogenic source, while the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu and Cs have come from mostly natural geologic sources. As, Cd and Pb are considerably enriched in the area, provided moderately enriched for the elements Mn, Zn and Cu. However, the other heavy elements show minimal enrichment. Igeo reveal that Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni with negative values are unpolluted, Pb posed unpolluted to moderately polluted, and As and Cd represent high polluted. Based on the results of the ecological risk factor, the heavy metals of Mn, Ni, Cr, Zn and Cu have a low ecological risk level. More specifically, we find that Pb shows a moderated ecological risk in 39% of the urban soil in the studied area. As and Cd with respectively 100 and 72% contribution have considerable and very high ecological risk. According to the results of MRI, the area is in a very high ecological risk level, and appropriate management practice is essential to reduce the pollution of heavy elements in this area. SN - 1932-6203 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/34843585/Geogenic_and_anthropogenic_sources_identification_and_ecological_risk_assessment_of_heavy_metals_in_the_urban_soil_of_Yazd_central_Iran_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -