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Free-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the Vavoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 12; 15(12):e0010036.PN

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense), the agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), may compromise the interruption of transmission targeted by World Health Organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of trypanosomes in pigs and people in the Vavoua HAT historical focus where cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010's.

METHODS

For the human survey, we used the CATT, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique and immune trypanolysis tests. For the animal survey, the buffy coat technique was also used as well as the PCR using Trypanosoma species specific, including the T. b. gambiense TgsGP detection using single round and nested PCRs, performed from animal blood samples and from strains isolated from subjects positive for parasitological investigations.

RESULTS

No HAT cases were detected among 345 people tested. A total of 167 pigs were investigated. Free-ranging pigs appeared significantly more infected than pigs in pen. Over 70% of free-ranging pigs were positive for CATT and parasitological investigations and 27-43% were positive to trypanolysis depending on the antigen used. T. brucei was the most prevalent species (57%) followed by T. congolense (24%). Blood sample extracted DNA of T. brucei positive subjects were negative to single round TgsGP PCR. However, 1/22 and 6/22 isolated strains were positive with single round and nested TgsGP PCRs, respectively.

DISCUSSION

Free-ranging pigs were identified as a multi-reservoir of T. brucei and/or T. congolense with mixed infections of different strains. This trypanosome diversity hinders the easy and direct detection of T. b. gambiense. We highlight the lack of tools to prove or exclude with certainty the presence of T. b. gambiense. This study once more highlights the need of technical improvements to explore the role of animals in the epidemiology of HAT.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Traoré BM
Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.
Koffi M
Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.
N'Djetchi MK
Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.
Kaba D
Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
Kaboré J
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
Ilboudo H
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
Ahouty BA
Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.
Koné M
Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire. Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
Coulibaly B
Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
Konan T
Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.
Segard A
Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Kouakou L
Programme National d'Elimination de la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
De Mee슩s T
Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Ravel S
Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Solano P
Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Bart JM
Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Jamonneau V
Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire. Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.

MeSH

AnimalsAnimals, DomesticCote d'IvoireDisease ReservoirsHumansPolymerase Chain ReactionSwineSwine DiseasesTrypanosoma brucei gambienseTrypanosoma congolenseTrypanosomiasis, African

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

34937054

Citation

Traoré, Barkissa Mélika, et al. "Free-ranging Pigs Identified as a Multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma Brucei and Trypanosoma Congolense in the Vavoua Area, a Historical Sleeping Sickness Focus of Côte D'Ivoire." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 15, no. 12, 2021, pp. e0010036.
Traoré BM, Koffi M, N'Djetchi MK, et al. Free-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the Vavoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(12):e0010036.
Traoré, B. M., Koffi, M., N'Djetchi, M. K., Kaba, D., Kaboré, J., Ilboudo, H., Ahouty, B. A., Koné, M., Coulibaly, B., Konan, T., Segard, A., Kouakou, L., De Mee슩s, T., Ravel, S., Solano, P., Bart, J. M., & Jamonneau, V. (2021). Free-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the Vavoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(12), e0010036. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010036
Traoré BM, et al. Free-ranging Pigs Identified as a Multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma Brucei and Trypanosoma Congolense in the Vavoua Area, a Historical Sleeping Sickness Focus of Côte D'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(12):e0010036. PubMed PMID: 34937054.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Free-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the Vavoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire. AU - Traoré,Barkissa Mélika, AU - Koffi,Mathurin, AU - N'Djetchi,Martial Kassi, AU - Kaba,Dramane, AU - Kaboré,Jacques, AU - Ilboudo,Hamidou, AU - Ahouty,Bernadin Ahouty, AU - Koné,Minayégninrin, AU - Coulibaly,Bamoro, AU - Konan,Thomas, AU - Segard,Adeline, AU - Kouakou,Lingué, AU - De Mee슩s,Thierry, AU - Ravel,Sophie, AU - Solano,Philippe, AU - Bart,Jean-Mathieu, AU - Jamonneau,Vincent, Y1 - 2021/12/22/ PY - 2021/04/09/received PY - 2021/11/28/accepted PY - 2022/01/06/revised PY - 2021/12/23/pubmed PY - 2022/2/17/medline PY - 2021/12/22/entrez SP - e0010036 EP - e0010036 JF - PLoS neglected tropical diseases JO - PLoS Negl Trop Dis VL - 15 IS - 12 N2 - BACKGROUND: The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense), the agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), may compromise the interruption of transmission targeted by World Health Organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of trypanosomes in pigs and people in the Vavoua HAT historical focus where cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010's. METHODS: For the human survey, we used the CATT, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique and immune trypanolysis tests. For the animal survey, the buffy coat technique was also used as well as the PCR using Trypanosoma species specific, including the T. b. gambiense TgsGP detection using single round and nested PCRs, performed from animal blood samples and from strains isolated from subjects positive for parasitological investigations. RESULTS: No HAT cases were detected among 345 people tested. A total of 167 pigs were investigated. Free-ranging pigs appeared significantly more infected than pigs in pen. Over 70% of free-ranging pigs were positive for CATT and parasitological investigations and 27-43% were positive to trypanolysis depending on the antigen used. T. brucei was the most prevalent species (57%) followed by T. congolense (24%). Blood sample extracted DNA of T. brucei positive subjects were negative to single round TgsGP PCR. However, 1/22 and 6/22 isolated strains were positive with single round and nested TgsGP PCRs, respectively. DISCUSSION: Free-ranging pigs were identified as a multi-reservoir of T. brucei and/or T. congolense with mixed infections of different strains. This trypanosome diversity hinders the easy and direct detection of T. b. gambiense. We highlight the lack of tools to prove or exclude with certainty the presence of T. b. gambiense. This study once more highlights the need of technical improvements to explore the role of animals in the epidemiology of HAT. SN - 1935-2735 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/34937054/Free_ranging_pigs_identified_as_a_multi_reservoir_of_Trypanosoma_brucei_and_Trypanosoma_congolense_in_the_Vavoua_area_a_historical_sleeping_sickness_focus_of_Côte_d'Ivoire_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -
Grapherence [↓9 ↑63]

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