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Preferential Halogenation of Algal Organic Matter by Iodine over Chlorine and Bromine: Formation of Disinfection Byproducts and Correlation with Toxicity of Disinfected Waters.
Environ Sci Technol. 2022 01 18; 56(2):1244-1256.ES

Abstract

The increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in surface waters may increase the input of algal organic matter (AOM) in drinking water. The formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during combined chlorination and chloramination of AOM and natural organic matter (NOM) in the presence of bromide and iodide and haloform formation during halogenation of model compounds were studied. Results indicated that haloform/halogen consumption ratios of halogens reacting with amino acids (representing proteins present in AOM) follow the order iodine > bromine > chlorine, with ratios for iodine generally 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those for chlorine (0.19-2.83 vs 0.01-0.16%). This indicates that iodine is a better halogenating agent than chlorine and bromine. In contrast, chlorine or bromine shows higher ratios for phenols (representing the phenolic structure of humic substances present in NOM). Consistent with these observations, chloramination of AOM extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa in the presence of iodide produced 3 times greater iodinated trihalomethanes than those from Suwannee River NOM isolate. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of disinfected algal-impacted waters evaluated by Chinese hamster ovary cell bioassays both follow the order chloramination > prechlorination-chloramination > chlorination. This trend is in contrast to additive toxicity calculations based on the concentrations of measured DBPs since some toxic iodinated DBPs were not identified and quantified, suggesting the necessity of experimentally analyzing the toxicity of disinfected waters. During seasonal HAB events, disinfection practices warrant optimization for iodide-enriched waters to reduce the toxicity of finished waters.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Liu C
Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States.
Shin YH
Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States. Bioenvironmental Engineering, Daewoo Institute of Construction Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16297, South Korea.
Wei X
Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
Ersan MS
Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States. School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.
Wagner E
Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
Plewa MJ
Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
Amy G
Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States.
Karanfil T
Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States.

MeSH

AnimalsBromineCHO CellsChlorineCricetinaeCricetulusDisinfectantsDisinfectionHalogenationHalogensIodidesIodineWater Pollutants, ChemicalWater Purification

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

34962797

Citation

Liu, Chao, et al. "Preferential Halogenation of Algal Organic Matter By Iodine Over Chlorine and Bromine: Formation of Disinfection Byproducts and Correlation With Toxicity of Disinfected Waters." Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 56, no. 2, 2022, pp. 1244-1256.
Liu C, Shin YH, Wei X, et al. Preferential Halogenation of Algal Organic Matter by Iodine over Chlorine and Bromine: Formation of Disinfection Byproducts and Correlation with Toxicity of Disinfected Waters. Environ Sci Technol. 2022;56(2):1244-1256.
Liu, C., Shin, Y. H., Wei, X., Ersan, M. S., Wagner, E., Plewa, M. J., Amy, G., & Karanfil, T. (2022). Preferential Halogenation of Algal Organic Matter by Iodine over Chlorine and Bromine: Formation of Disinfection Byproducts and Correlation with Toxicity of Disinfected Waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(2), 1244-1256. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04823
Liu C, et al. Preferential Halogenation of Algal Organic Matter By Iodine Over Chlorine and Bromine: Formation of Disinfection Byproducts and Correlation With Toxicity of Disinfected Waters. Environ Sci Technol. 2022 01 18;56(2):1244-1256. PubMed PMID: 34962797.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Preferential Halogenation of Algal Organic Matter by Iodine over Chlorine and Bromine: Formation of Disinfection Byproducts and Correlation with Toxicity of Disinfected Waters. AU - Liu,Chao, AU - Shin,Young-Hwan, AU - Wei,Xiao, AU - Ersan,Mahmut S, AU - Wagner,Elizabeth, AU - Plewa,Michael J, AU - Amy,Gary, AU - Karanfil,Tanju, Y1 - 2021/12/28/ PY - 2021/12/29/pubmed PY - 2022/4/1/medline PY - 2021/12/28/entrez KW - Microcystis aeruginosa KW - calculated additive toxicity KW - cytotoxicity KW - genotoxicity KW - iodinated disinfection byproducts KW - iodination SP - 1244 EP - 1256 JF - Environmental science & technology JO - Environ Sci Technol VL - 56 IS - 2 N2 - The increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in surface waters may increase the input of algal organic matter (AOM) in drinking water. The formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during combined chlorination and chloramination of AOM and natural organic matter (NOM) in the presence of bromide and iodide and haloform formation during halogenation of model compounds were studied. Results indicated that haloform/halogen consumption ratios of halogens reacting with amino acids (representing proteins present in AOM) follow the order iodine > bromine > chlorine, with ratios for iodine generally 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those for chlorine (0.19-2.83 vs 0.01-0.16%). This indicates that iodine is a better halogenating agent than chlorine and bromine. In contrast, chlorine or bromine shows higher ratios for phenols (representing the phenolic structure of humic substances present in NOM). Consistent with these observations, chloramination of AOM extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa in the presence of iodide produced 3 times greater iodinated trihalomethanes than those from Suwannee River NOM isolate. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of disinfected algal-impacted waters evaluated by Chinese hamster ovary cell bioassays both follow the order chloramination > prechlorination-chloramination > chlorination. This trend is in contrast to additive toxicity calculations based on the concentrations of measured DBPs since some toxic iodinated DBPs were not identified and quantified, suggesting the necessity of experimentally analyzing the toxicity of disinfected waters. During seasonal HAB events, disinfection practices warrant optimization for iodide-enriched waters to reduce the toxicity of finished waters. SN - 1520-5851 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/34962797/Preferential_Halogenation_of_Algal_Organic_Matter_by_Iodine_over_Chlorine_and_Bromine:_Formation_of_Disinfection_Byproducts_and_Correlation_with_Toxicity_of_Disinfected_Waters_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -