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Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 Vaccination and Previous Infection.
N Engl J Med. 2022 03 31; 386(13):1207-1220.NEJM

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The duration and effectiveness of immunity from infection with and vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are relevant to pandemic policy interventions, including the timing of vaccine boosters.

METHODS

We investigated the duration and effectiveness of immunity in a prospective cohort of asymptomatic health care workers in the United Kingdom who underwent routine polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) testing. Vaccine effectiveness (≤10 months after the first dose of vaccine) and infection-acquired immunity were assessed by comparing the time to PCR-confirmed infection in vaccinated persons with that in unvaccinated persons, stratified according to previous infection status. We used a Cox regression model with adjustment for previous SARS-CoV-2 infection status, vaccine type and dosing interval, demographic characteristics, and workplace exposure to SARS-CoV-2.

RESULTS

Of 35,768 participants, 27% (9488) had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine coverage was high: 95% of the participants had received two doses (78% had received BNT162b2 vaccine [Pfizer-BioNTech] with a long interval between doses, 9% BNT162b2 vaccine with a short interval between doses, and 8% ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine [AstraZeneca]). Between December 7, 2020, and September 21, 2021, a total of 2747 primary infections and 210 reinfections were observed. Among previously uninfected participants who received long-interval BNT162b2 vaccine, adjusted vaccine effectiveness decreased from 85% (95% confidence interval [CI], 72 to 92) 14 to 73 days after the second dose to 51% (95% CI, 22 to 69) at a median of 201 days (interquartile range, 197 to 205) after the second dose; this effectiveness did not differ significantly between the long-interval and short-interval BNT162b2 vaccine recipients. At 14 to 73 days after the second dose, adjusted vaccine effectiveness among ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine recipients was 58% (95% CI, 23 to 77) - considerably lower than that among BNT162b2 vaccine recipients. Infection-acquired immunity waned after 1 year in unvaccinated participants but remained consistently higher than 90% in those who were subsequently vaccinated, even in persons infected more than 18 months previously.

CONCLUSIONS

Two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine were associated with high short-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection; this protection waned considerably after 6 months. Infection-acquired immunity boosted with vaccination remained high more than 1 year after infection. (Funded by the U.K. Health Security Agency and others; ISRCTN Registry number, ISRCTN11041050.).

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Hall V
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Foulkes S
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Insalata F
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Kirwan P
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Saei A
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Atti A
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Wellington E
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Khawam J
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Munro K
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Cole M
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Tranquillini C
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Taylor-Kerr A
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Hettiarachchi N
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Calbraith D
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Sajedi N
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Milligan I
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Themistocleous Y
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Corrigan D
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Cromey L
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Price L
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Stewart S
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
de Lacy E
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Norman C
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Linley E
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Otter AD
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Semper A
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Hewson J
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
D'Arcangelo S
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Chand M
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Brown CS
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Brooks T
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Islam J
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Charlett A
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Hopkins S
From the U.K. Health Security Agency (V.H., S.F., F.I., P.K., A. Saei, A.A., E.W., J.K., K.M., M. Cole, C.T., A.T.-K., N.H., D. Calbraith, N.S., I.M., Y.T., E. Linley, A.D.O., A. Semper, J.H., S.D., M. Chand, C.S.B., T.B., J.I., A.C., S.H.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M. Chand), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in partnership with Public Health England (A.C.), London, the Health Protection Research NIHR Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford (V.H., C.S.B., S.H.), the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (P.K.), the Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast (D. Corrigan, L.C.), Glasgow Caledonian University and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow (L.P., S.S.), Public Health Wales (E. Lacy) and Health and Care Research Wales (C.N.), Cardiff, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol (A.C.) - all in the United Kingdom.
SIREN Study Group
No affiliation info available

MeSH

Adaptive ImmunityAsymptomatic DiseasesBNT162 VaccineCOVID-19COVID-19 Nucleic Acid TestingCOVID-19 VaccinesChAdOx1 nCoV-19Health PersonnelHumansProspective StudiesSARS-CoV-2United KingdomVaccinationVaccine Efficacy

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

35172051

Citation

Hall, Victoria, et al. "Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 After Covid-19 Vaccination and Previous Infection." The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 386, no. 13, 2022, pp. 1207-1220.
Hall V, Foulkes S, Insalata F, et al. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 Vaccination and Previous Infection. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(13):1207-1220.
Hall, V., Foulkes, S., Insalata, F., Kirwan, P., Saei, A., Atti, A., Wellington, E., Khawam, J., Munro, K., Cole, M., Tranquillini, C., Taylor-Kerr, A., Hettiarachchi, N., Calbraith, D., Sajedi, N., Milligan, I., Themistocleous, Y., Corrigan, D., Cromey, L., ... Hopkins, S. (2022). Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 Vaccination and Previous Infection. The New England Journal of Medicine, 386(13), 1207-1220. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2118691
Hall V, et al. Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 After Covid-19 Vaccination and Previous Infection. N Engl J Med. 2022 03 31;386(13):1207-1220. PubMed PMID: 35172051.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 Vaccination and Previous Infection. AU - Hall,Victoria, AU - Foulkes,Sarah, AU - Insalata,Ferdinando, AU - Kirwan,Peter, AU - Saei,Ayoub, AU - Atti,Ana, AU - Wellington,Edgar, AU - Khawam,Jameel, AU - Munro,Katie, AU - Cole,Michelle, AU - Tranquillini,Caio, AU - Taylor-Kerr,Andrew, AU - Hettiarachchi,Nipunadi, AU - Calbraith,Davina, AU - Sajedi,Noshin, AU - Milligan,Iain, AU - Themistocleous,Yrene, AU - Corrigan,Diane, AU - Cromey,Lisa, AU - Price,Lesley, AU - Stewart,Sally, AU - de Lacy,Elen, AU - Norman,Chris, AU - Linley,Ezra, AU - Otter,Ashley D, AU - Semper,Amanda, AU - Hewson,Jacqueline, AU - D'Arcangelo,Silvia, AU - Chand,Meera, AU - Brown,Colin S, AU - Brooks,Tim, AU - Islam,Jasmin, AU - Charlett,Andre, AU - Hopkins,Susan, AU - ,, Y1 - 2022/02/16/ PY - 2022/2/17/pubmed PY - 2022/4/15/medline PY - 2022/2/16/entrez SP - 1207 EP - 1220 JF - The New England journal of medicine JO - N Engl J Med VL - 386 IS - 13 N2 - BACKGROUND: The duration and effectiveness of immunity from infection with and vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are relevant to pandemic policy interventions, including the timing of vaccine boosters. METHODS: We investigated the duration and effectiveness of immunity in a prospective cohort of asymptomatic health care workers in the United Kingdom who underwent routine polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) testing. Vaccine effectiveness (≤10 months after the first dose of vaccine) and infection-acquired immunity were assessed by comparing the time to PCR-confirmed infection in vaccinated persons with that in unvaccinated persons, stratified according to previous infection status. We used a Cox regression model with adjustment for previous SARS-CoV-2 infection status, vaccine type and dosing interval, demographic characteristics, and workplace exposure to SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: Of 35,768 participants, 27% (9488) had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine coverage was high: 95% of the participants had received two doses (78% had received BNT162b2 vaccine [Pfizer-BioNTech] with a long interval between doses, 9% BNT162b2 vaccine with a short interval between doses, and 8% ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine [AstraZeneca]). Between December 7, 2020, and September 21, 2021, a total of 2747 primary infections and 210 reinfections were observed. Among previously uninfected participants who received long-interval BNT162b2 vaccine, adjusted vaccine effectiveness decreased from 85% (95% confidence interval [CI], 72 to 92) 14 to 73 days after the second dose to 51% (95% CI, 22 to 69) at a median of 201 days (interquartile range, 197 to 205) after the second dose; this effectiveness did not differ significantly between the long-interval and short-interval BNT162b2 vaccine recipients. At 14 to 73 days after the second dose, adjusted vaccine effectiveness among ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine recipients was 58% (95% CI, 23 to 77) - considerably lower than that among BNT162b2 vaccine recipients. Infection-acquired immunity waned after 1 year in unvaccinated participants but remained consistently higher than 90% in those who were subsequently vaccinated, even in persons infected more than 18 months previously. CONCLUSIONS: Two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine were associated with high short-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection; this protection waned considerably after 6 months. Infection-acquired immunity boosted with vaccination remained high more than 1 year after infection. (Funded by the U.K. Health Security Agency and others; ISRCTN Registry number, ISRCTN11041050.). SN - 1533-4406 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/35172051/Protection_against_SARS_CoV_2_after_Covid_19_Vaccination_and_Previous_Infection_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -
Grapherence [↓185 ↑28]

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