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Rapid prototyping of ion-selective electrodes using a low-cost 3D printed internet-of-things (IoT) controlled robot.
Talanta. 2022 Sep 01; 247:123544.T

Abstract

We report automated fabrication of solid-contact sodium-selective (Na+-ISEs) and potassium-selective electrodes (K+-ISEs) using a 3D printed liquid handling robot controlled with Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The printing system is affordable and can be customized for the use with micropipettes for applications such as drop-casting, biological assays, sample preparation, rinsing, cell culture, and online analyte monitoring using multi-well plates. The robot is more compact (25 × 30 × 35 cm) and user-friendly than commercially available systems and does not require mechatronic experience. For fabrication of ion-selective electrodes, a carbon black intermediate layer and ion-selective membrane were successively drop-cast on the surface of stencil-printed carbon electrode using the dispensing robot. The 3D-printed robot increased ISE robustness while decreasing the modification time by eliminating manual steps. The Na+-ISEs and K+-ISEs were characterized for their potentiometric responses using a custom-made, low-cost (<$25) multi-channel smartphone-based potentiometer capable of signal processing and wireless data transmission. The electrodes showed Nernstian responses of 58.2 ± 2.6 mV decade-1 and 56.1 ± 0.7 mV decade-1 for Na+ and K+, respectively with an LOD of 1.0 × 10-5 M. We successfully applied the ISEs for multiplexed detection of Na+ and K+ in urine and artificial sweat samples at clinically relevant concentration ranges. The 3D-printed pipetting robot cost $100 and will pave the way for more accessible mass production of ISEs for those who cannot afford the expensive commercial robots.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Ozer T
Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey; Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA. Electronic address: tozer@yildiz.edu.tr.
Agir I
Istanbul Medeniyet University, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
Henry CS
Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA; Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA; Chulalongkorn University, Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand. Electronic address: Chuck.Henry@colostate.edu.

MeSH

ElectrodesInternet of ThingsIon-Selective ElectrodesIonsPotassiumPotentiometryPrinting, Three-DimensionalRoboticsSodium

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

35598477

Citation

Ozer, Tugba, et al. "Rapid Prototyping of Ion-selective Electrodes Using a Low-cost 3D Printed Internet-of-things (IoT) Controlled Robot." Talanta, vol. 247, 2022, p. 123544.
Ozer T, Agir I, Henry CS. Rapid prototyping of ion-selective electrodes using a low-cost 3D printed internet-of-things (IoT) controlled robot. Talanta. 2022;247:123544.
Ozer, T., Agir, I., & Henry, C. S. (2022). Rapid prototyping of ion-selective electrodes using a low-cost 3D printed internet-of-things (IoT) controlled robot. Talanta, 247, 123544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123544
Ozer T, Agir I, Henry CS. Rapid Prototyping of Ion-selective Electrodes Using a Low-cost 3D Printed Internet-of-things (IoT) Controlled Robot. Talanta. 2022 Sep 1;247:123544. PubMed PMID: 35598477.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Rapid prototyping of ion-selective electrodes using a low-cost 3D printed internet-of-things (IoT) controlled robot. AU - Ozer,Tugba, AU - Agir,Ismail, AU - Henry,Charles S, Y1 - 2022/05/16/ PY - 2022/04/06/received PY - 2022/05/07/revised PY - 2022/05/10/accepted PY - 2022/5/23/pubmed PY - 2022/6/22/medline PY - 2022/5/22/entrez KW - 3D-printing KW - Internet-of-things (IoT) KW - Point-of-care KW - Potassium KW - Potentiometric detection KW - Sodium KW - Solid-contact ion-selective electrode SP - 123544 EP - 123544 JF - Talanta JO - Talanta VL - 247 N2 - We report automated fabrication of solid-contact sodium-selective (Na+-ISEs) and potassium-selective electrodes (K+-ISEs) using a 3D printed liquid handling robot controlled with Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The printing system is affordable and can be customized for the use with micropipettes for applications such as drop-casting, biological assays, sample preparation, rinsing, cell culture, and online analyte monitoring using multi-well plates. The robot is more compact (25 × 30 × 35 cm) and user-friendly than commercially available systems and does not require mechatronic experience. For fabrication of ion-selective electrodes, a carbon black intermediate layer and ion-selective membrane were successively drop-cast on the surface of stencil-printed carbon electrode using the dispensing robot. The 3D-printed robot increased ISE robustness while decreasing the modification time by eliminating manual steps. The Na+-ISEs and K+-ISEs were characterized for their potentiometric responses using a custom-made, low-cost (<$25) multi-channel smartphone-based potentiometer capable of signal processing and wireless data transmission. The electrodes showed Nernstian responses of 58.2 ± 2.6 mV decade-1 and 56.1 ± 0.7 mV decade-1 for Na+ and K+, respectively with an LOD of 1.0 × 10-5 M. We successfully applied the ISEs for multiplexed detection of Na+ and K+ in urine and artificial sweat samples at clinically relevant concentration ranges. The 3D-printed pipetting robot cost $100 and will pave the way for more accessible mass production of ISEs for those who cannot afford the expensive commercial robots. SN - 1873-3573 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/35598477/Rapid_prototyping_of_ion_selective_electrodes_using_a_low_cost_3D_printed_internet_of_things__IoT__controlled_robot_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -