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Semiquantitative Screening of THC Analogues by Silica Gel TLC with an Ag(I) Retention Zone and Chromogenic Smartphone Detection.
Anal Chem. 2022 Oct 11; 94(40):13710-13718.AC

Abstract

With the ever-evolving cannabis industry, low-cost and high-throughput analytical methods for cannabinoids are urgently needed. Normally, (potentially) psychoactive cannabinoids, typically represented by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and nonpsychoactive cannabinoids with therapeutic benefits, typically represented by cannabidiol (CBD), are the target analytes. Structurally, the former (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabinol (CBN), and THC) have one olefinic double bond and the latter (cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerol (CBG), and CBD) have two, which results in different affinities toward Ag(I) ions. Thus, a silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate with the lower third impregnated with Ag(I) ions enabled within minutes a digital chromatographic separation of strongly retained CBD analogues and poorly retained THC analogues. The resolution (Rs) between the closest two spots from the two groups was 4.7, which is almost 8 times higher than the resolution on unmodified TLC. After applying Fast Blue BB as a chromogenic reagent, smartphone-based color analysis enabled semiquantification of the total percentage of THC analogues (with a limit of detection (LOD) of 11 ng for THC, 54 ng for CBN, and 50 ng for THCA when the loaded volume is 1.0 μL). The method was validated by analyzing mixed cannabis extracts and cannabis extracts. The results correlated with those of high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) (R2 = 0.97), but the TLC approach had the advantages of multi-minute analysis time, high throughput, low solvent consumption, portability, and ease of interpretation. In a desiccator, Ag(I)-TLC plates can be stored for at least 3 months. Therefore, this method would allow rapid distinction between high and low THC varieties of cannabis, with the potential for on-site applicability.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Huang S
Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China. Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen6708 WE, The Netherlands.
Qiu R
Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China.
Fang Z
Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China.
Min K
Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China.
van Beek TA
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen6708 WE, The Netherlands.
Ma M
Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China.
Chen B
Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China.
Zuilhof H
Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha410081, China. Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen6708 WE, The Netherlands. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah21589, Saudi Arabia.
Salentijn GI
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen6708 WE, The Netherlands. Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen6700 AE, The Netherlands.

MeSH

CannabidiolCannabinoidsCannabinolCannabisChromatography, Thin LayerDronabinolHallucinogensPlant ExtractsSilica GelSmartphoneSolvents

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Language

eng

PubMed ID

36178203

Citation

Huang, Si, et al. "Semiquantitative Screening of THC Analogues By Silica Gel TLC With an Ag(I) Retention Zone and Chromogenic Smartphone Detection." Analytical Chemistry, vol. 94, no. 40, 2022, pp. 13710-13718.
Huang S, Qiu R, Fang Z, et al. Semiquantitative Screening of THC Analogues by Silica Gel TLC with an Ag(I) Retention Zone and Chromogenic Smartphone Detection. Anal Chem. 2022;94(40):13710-13718.
Huang, S., Qiu, R., Fang, Z., Min, K., van Beek, T. A., Ma, M., Chen, B., Zuilhof, H., & Salentijn, G. I. (2022). Semiquantitative Screening of THC Analogues by Silica Gel TLC with an Ag(I) Retention Zone and Chromogenic Smartphone Detection. Analytical Chemistry, 94(40), 13710-13718. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01627
Huang S, et al. Semiquantitative Screening of THC Analogues By Silica Gel TLC With an Ag(I) Retention Zone and Chromogenic Smartphone Detection. Anal Chem. 2022 Oct 11;94(40):13710-13718. PubMed PMID: 36178203.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Semiquantitative Screening of THC Analogues by Silica Gel TLC with an Ag(I) Retention Zone and Chromogenic Smartphone Detection. AU - Huang,Si, AU - Qiu,Ruiying, AU - Fang,Zhengfa, AU - Min,Ke, AU - van Beek,Teris A, AU - Ma,Ming, AU - Chen,Bo, AU - Zuilhof,Han, AU - Salentijn,Gert Ij, Y1 - 2022/09/30/ PY - 2022/10/1/pubmed PY - 2022/10/13/medline PY - 2022/9/30/entrez SP - 13710 EP - 13718 JF - Analytical chemistry JO - Anal Chem VL - 94 IS - 40 N2 - With the ever-evolving cannabis industry, low-cost and high-throughput analytical methods for cannabinoids are urgently needed. Normally, (potentially) psychoactive cannabinoids, typically represented by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and nonpsychoactive cannabinoids with therapeutic benefits, typically represented by cannabidiol (CBD), are the target analytes. Structurally, the former (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabinol (CBN), and THC) have one olefinic double bond and the latter (cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerol (CBG), and CBD) have two, which results in different affinities toward Ag(I) ions. Thus, a silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate with the lower third impregnated with Ag(I) ions enabled within minutes a digital chromatographic separation of strongly retained CBD analogues and poorly retained THC analogues. The resolution (Rs) between the closest two spots from the two groups was 4.7, which is almost 8 times higher than the resolution on unmodified TLC. After applying Fast Blue BB as a chromogenic reagent, smartphone-based color analysis enabled semiquantification of the total percentage of THC analogues (with a limit of detection (LOD) of 11 ng for THC, 54 ng for CBN, and 50 ng for THCA when the loaded volume is 1.0 μL). The method was validated by analyzing mixed cannabis extracts and cannabis extracts. The results correlated with those of high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) (R2 = 0.97), but the TLC approach had the advantages of multi-minute analysis time, high throughput, low solvent consumption, portability, and ease of interpretation. In a desiccator, Ag(I)-TLC plates can be stored for at least 3 months. Therefore, this method would allow rapid distinction between high and low THC varieties of cannabis, with the potential for on-site applicability. SN - 1520-6882 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/36178203/Semiquantitative_Screening_of_THC_Analogues_by_Silica_Gel_TLC_with_an_Ag_I__Retention_Zone_and_Chromogenic_Smartphone_Detection_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -