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[Radicalization and "forced emigration": the dismissal and expulsion of neuroscientists and neuropsychiatrists from Vienna].
Nervenarzt. 2022 Oct; 93(Suppl 1):80-91.N

Abstract

Austria's so-called annexation (Anschluss) to Germany from March 1938 was followed by the ousting of "Jewish" doctors out of Vienna which happened faster and with more brutality than in the "Old Reich". According to National Socialist (NS) criteria, 92% of the neurologists at Vienna University were understood as being "non-Aryan". Victims of these expulsions were prominent figures, such as the head of the Neurological Institute Otto Marburg (1874-1949), a renowned multiple sclerosis researcher, and his pupil Ern(e)st Spiegel (1895-1985), a pioneer of stereotaxis. Similar to Berlin, nonuniversity departments of neurology were run by doctors who served as professors at the university, e.g., Josef Gerstmann (1878-1967) and his assistant Ilya Mark Scheinker (1902-1954). While these four continued their careers in the USA, the founder of neuroradiology Arthur Schüller (1874-1957) was able to flee to Australia. Hans Hoff (1897-1969) was part of the small group of returning emigrants, who in 1950 was appointed as the chair of psychiatry and neurology. The fate of the neurologists Ernst Sträussler (1872-1959) and Erwin Stransky (1877-1962) appears to be exceptional: both were dismissed and banned from teaching and practicing, but being married to "Aryan" wives spared them further persecution. Overall, within a short period of time neurology in Vienna lost a large number of its highly respected clinicians and researchers. Some of them refined their ideas and innovations abroad after 1945.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Martin M
Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland. Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Köln, Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 20, 50931, Köln, Deutschland.
Fangerau H
Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
Karenberg A
Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Köln, Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 20, 50931, Köln, Deutschland. ajg02@uni-koeln.de.

MeSH

Emigration and ImmigrationGermanyHistory, 20th CenturyHumansNational SocialismNeurologistsNeurologyPsychiatry

Pub Type(s)

Historical Article
Journal Article
Review

Language

ger

PubMed ID

36197479

Citation

Martin, Michael, et al. "[Radicalization and "forced Emigration": the Dismissal and Expulsion of Neuroscientists and Neuropsychiatrists From Vienna]." Der Nervenarzt, vol. 93, no. Suppl 1, 2022, pp. 80-91.
Martin M, Fangerau H, Karenberg A. [Radicalization and "forced emigration": the dismissal and expulsion of neuroscientists and neuropsychiatrists from Vienna]. Nervenarzt. 2022;93(Suppl 1):80-91.
Martin, M., Fangerau, H., & Karenberg, A. (2022). [Radicalization and "forced emigration": the dismissal and expulsion of neuroscientists and neuropsychiatrists from Vienna]. Der Nervenarzt, 93(Suppl 1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-022-01326-x
Martin M, Fangerau H, Karenberg A. [Radicalization and "forced Emigration": the Dismissal and Expulsion of Neuroscientists and Neuropsychiatrists From Vienna]. Nervenarzt. 2022;93(Suppl 1):80-91. PubMed PMID: 36197479.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - [Radicalization and "forced emigration": the dismissal and expulsion of neuroscientists and neuropsychiatrists from Vienna]. AU - Martin,Michael, AU - Fangerau,Heiner, AU - Karenberg,Axel, Y1 - 2022/10/05/ PY - 2022/05/09/accepted PY - 2022/10/5/entrez PY - 2022/10/6/pubmed PY - 2022/10/12/medline KW - Emigration and Immigration KW - Jewish physicians KW - Medicine in National Socialism KW - Neurology, history KW - Neurosciences, history SP - 80 EP - 91 JF - Der Nervenarzt JO - Nervenarzt VL - 93 IS - Suppl 1 N2 - Austria's so-called annexation (Anschluss) to Germany from March 1938 was followed by the ousting of "Jewish" doctors out of Vienna which happened faster and with more brutality than in the "Old Reich". According to National Socialist (NS) criteria, 92% of the neurologists at Vienna University were understood as being "non-Aryan". Victims of these expulsions were prominent figures, such as the head of the Neurological Institute Otto Marburg (1874-1949), a renowned multiple sclerosis researcher, and his pupil Ern(e)st Spiegel (1895-1985), a pioneer of stereotaxis. Similar to Berlin, nonuniversity departments of neurology were run by doctors who served as professors at the university, e.g., Josef Gerstmann (1878-1967) and his assistant Ilya Mark Scheinker (1902-1954). While these four continued their careers in the USA, the founder of neuroradiology Arthur Schüller (1874-1957) was able to flee to Australia. Hans Hoff (1897-1969) was part of the small group of returning emigrants, who in 1950 was appointed as the chair of psychiatry and neurology. The fate of the neurologists Ernst Sträussler (1872-1959) and Erwin Stransky (1877-1962) appears to be exceptional: both were dismissed and banned from teaching and practicing, but being married to "Aryan" wives spared them further persecution. Overall, within a short period of time neurology in Vienna lost a large number of its highly respected clinicians and researchers. Some of them refined their ideas and innovations abroad after 1945. SN - 1433-0407 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/36197479/[Radicalization_and_"forced_emigration":_the_dismissal_and_expulsion_of_neuroscientists_and_neuropsychiatrists_from_Vienna]_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -