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["Impossible to be part of this system any longer": the expulsion of neuroscientists from Frankfurt am Main (1933-1939)].
Nervenarzt. 2022 Oct; 93(Suppl 1):92-99.N

Abstract

In the 1920s, the situation of neuropsychiatry in Frankfurt was characterized by the rivalry between two institutions (Edinger Institute and University Neurology Clinic), two subdisciplines (neurology and psychiatry), and the physicians Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965) and Karl Kleist (1879-1960). After the National Socialists' assumption of power, university neuropsychiatric institutions in Frankfurt showed the highest number of dismissed university teachers and personnel in the German Reich. In neurology and psychiatry alone the university lost almost 50% of the personnel. Among those persecuted on racist grounds was Leo Alexander (1905-1985), who carried out genetic studies before 1933, prepared the "Alexander Reports" on behalf of the Allies after the Second World War, and was one of the prosecution counselors in the Nuremberg Doctors' Trial. His colleague Walther Riese (1890-1976) fled via France also to the USA and dedicated himself to the historical and ethical principles of neurology. Alice Rosenstein (1898-1991) was the first woman to specialize in neuroradiology and neurosurgery. In contrast to her male colleagues who were also dismissed in 1933, she committed herself to psychiatry after her arrival in North America and belonged to the early campaigners for the rights of homosexuals. Ernst (1905-1965) and Berta (1906-1995) Scharrer finally left Germany because of the prevailing political climate in the country. They excelled as co-founders of neuroendocrinology and neuroimmunology on the other side of the Atlantic.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Martin M
Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraβe 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland. Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Köln, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland.
Karenberg A
Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Köln, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland.
Fangerau H
Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraβe 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland. heiner.fangerau@uni-duesseldorf.de.

MeSH

Academies and InstitutesGermanyHistory, 20th CenturyHumansMaleNational SocialismNeurologyNeuropsychiatryPsychiatry

Pub Type(s)

Historical Article
Journal Article
Review

Language

ger

PubMed ID

36197480

Citation

Martin, Michael, et al. "["Impossible to Be Part of This System Any Longer": the Expulsion of Neuroscientists From Frankfurt Am Main (1933-1939)]." Der Nervenarzt, vol. 93, no. Suppl 1, 2022, pp. 92-99.
Martin M, Karenberg A, Fangerau H. ["Impossible to be part of this system any longer": the expulsion of neuroscientists from Frankfurt am Main (1933-1939)]. Nervenarzt. 2022;93(Suppl 1):92-99.
Martin, M., Karenberg, A., & Fangerau, H. (2022). ["Impossible to be part of this system any longer": the expulsion of neuroscientists from Frankfurt am Main (1933-1939)]. Der Nervenarzt, 93(Suppl 1), 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-022-01330-1
Martin M, Karenberg A, Fangerau H. ["Impossible to Be Part of This System Any Longer": the Expulsion of Neuroscientists From Frankfurt Am Main (1933-1939)]. Nervenarzt. 2022;93(Suppl 1):92-99. PubMed PMID: 36197480.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - ["Impossible to be part of this system any longer": the expulsion of neuroscientists from Frankfurt am Main (1933-1939)]. AU - Martin,Michael, AU - Karenberg,Axel, AU - Fangerau,Heiner, Y1 - 2022/10/05/ PY - 2022/05/09/accepted PY - 2022/10/5/entrez PY - 2022/10/6/pubmed PY - 2022/10/12/medline KW - Forced migration KW - Jewish physicians KW - Medicine in National Socialism KW - Neurology, history KW - Neurosciences, history SP - 92 EP - 99 JF - Der Nervenarzt JO - Nervenarzt VL - 93 IS - Suppl 1 N2 - In the 1920s, the situation of neuropsychiatry in Frankfurt was characterized by the rivalry between two institutions (Edinger Institute and University Neurology Clinic), two subdisciplines (neurology and psychiatry), and the physicians Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965) and Karl Kleist (1879-1960). After the National Socialists' assumption of power, university neuropsychiatric institutions in Frankfurt showed the highest number of dismissed university teachers and personnel in the German Reich. In neurology and psychiatry alone the university lost almost 50% of the personnel. Among those persecuted on racist grounds was Leo Alexander (1905-1985), who carried out genetic studies before 1933, prepared the "Alexander Reports" on behalf of the Allies after the Second World War, and was one of the prosecution counselors in the Nuremberg Doctors' Trial. His colleague Walther Riese (1890-1976) fled via France also to the USA and dedicated himself to the historical and ethical principles of neurology. Alice Rosenstein (1898-1991) was the first woman to specialize in neuroradiology and neurosurgery. In contrast to her male colleagues who were also dismissed in 1933, she committed herself to psychiatry after her arrival in North America and belonged to the early campaigners for the rights of homosexuals. Ernst (1905-1965) and Berta (1906-1995) Scharrer finally left Germany because of the prevailing political climate in the country. They excelled as co-founders of neuroendocrinology and neuroimmunology on the other side of the Atlantic. SN - 1433-0407 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/36197480/["Impossible_to_be_part_of_this_system_any_longer":_the_expulsion_of_neuroscientists_from_Frankfurt_am_Main__1933_1939_]_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -