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["…without a visible sign of protest or at least solidarity from colleagues": the expulsion of neuroscientists from Hamburg].
Nervenarzt. 2022 Oct; 93(Suppl 1):100-111.N

Abstract

In Hamburg, the National Socialists' racially motivated exclusion principally hit neurologists from two institutions: the Eppendorf Neurological Clinic (director until 1934 Max Nonne) and the Psychiatric and Neurological Clinic of Friedrichsberg State Hospital (director Wilhelm Weygandt). The chief physician of the neurological department of Barmbek Hospital, Heinrich Embden (1871-1941), who had been trained by Nonne, emigrated to Brazil, whereas Friedrich Wohlwill (1881-1958), another Nonne pupil who had been a pathologist at St Georg since 1924, lived for many years in Lisbon, before he found a new scientific home at the Harvard Medical School. The cerebrospinal fluid researcher Victor Kafka (1881-1955), a Freemason and intermittent member of the Communist Party, was briefly in so-called protective custody (Schutzhaft) in Fuhlsbüttel then fled via Norway to Sweden. Hermann Josephy (1887-1960) and Walter R. Kirschbaum (1894-1982), both imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp after the November pogroms in 1938, could successfully continue their professional careers in Chicago. Richard Loewenberg (1898-1954) first opted to continue his career in China, then changed his mind and also went to the USA after the Japanese invasion. With the exception of the latter all were full members of the Society of German Neurologists. The broad scope of their research work clearly illustrates that in addition to clinical core competence, former neurologists could intensively follow scientific interests in the neighboring disciplines of pathology, serology, and psychiatry.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Martin M
Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland. Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Köln, Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 20, 50931, Köln, Deutschland.
Fangerau H
Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
Karenberg A
Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Köln, Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 20, 50931, Köln, Deutschland. ajg02@uni-koeln.de.

MeSH

Concentration CampsGermanyHistory, 20th CenturyHumansNational SocialismNeurologistsPhysiciansPsychiatry

Pub Type(s)

Historical Article
Journal Article
Review

Language

ger

PubMed ID

36197481

Citation

Martin, Michael, et al. "["…without a Visible Sign of Protest or at Least Solidarity From Colleagues": the Expulsion of Neuroscientists From Hamburg]." Der Nervenarzt, vol. 93, no. Suppl 1, 2022, pp. 100-111.
Martin M, Fangerau H, Karenberg A. ["…without a visible sign of protest or at least solidarity from colleagues": the expulsion of neuroscientists from Hamburg]. Nervenarzt. 2022;93(Suppl 1):100-111.
Martin, M., Fangerau, H., & Karenberg, A. (2022). ["…without a visible sign of protest or at least solidarity from colleagues": the expulsion of neuroscientists from Hamburg]. Der Nervenarzt, 93(Suppl 1), 100-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-022-01327-w
Martin M, Fangerau H, Karenberg A. ["…without a Visible Sign of Protest or at Least Solidarity From Colleagues": the Expulsion of Neuroscientists From Hamburg]. Nervenarzt. 2022;93(Suppl 1):100-111. PubMed PMID: 36197481.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - ["…without a visible sign of protest or at least solidarity from colleagues": the expulsion of neuroscientists from Hamburg]. AU - Martin,Michael, AU - Fangerau,Heiner, AU - Karenberg,Axel, Y1 - 2022/10/05/ PY - 2022/05/09/accepted PY - 2022/10/5/entrez PY - 2022/10/6/pubmed PY - 2022/10/12/medline KW - Forced migration KW - Jewish physicians KW - Medicine in National Socialism KW - Neurology, history KW - Neurosciences, history SP - 100 EP - 111 JF - Der Nervenarzt JO - Nervenarzt VL - 93 IS - Suppl 1 N2 - In Hamburg, the National Socialists' racially motivated exclusion principally hit neurologists from two institutions: the Eppendorf Neurological Clinic (director until 1934 Max Nonne) and the Psychiatric and Neurological Clinic of Friedrichsberg State Hospital (director Wilhelm Weygandt). The chief physician of the neurological department of Barmbek Hospital, Heinrich Embden (1871-1941), who had been trained by Nonne, emigrated to Brazil, whereas Friedrich Wohlwill (1881-1958), another Nonne pupil who had been a pathologist at St Georg since 1924, lived for many years in Lisbon, before he found a new scientific home at the Harvard Medical School. The cerebrospinal fluid researcher Victor Kafka (1881-1955), a Freemason and intermittent member of the Communist Party, was briefly in so-called protective custody (Schutzhaft) in Fuhlsbüttel then fled via Norway to Sweden. Hermann Josephy (1887-1960) and Walter R. Kirschbaum (1894-1982), both imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp after the November pogroms in 1938, could successfully continue their professional careers in Chicago. Richard Loewenberg (1898-1954) first opted to continue his career in China, then changed his mind and also went to the USA after the Japanese invasion. With the exception of the latter all were full members of the Society of German Neurologists. The broad scope of their research work clearly illustrates that in addition to clinical core competence, former neurologists could intensively follow scientific interests in the neighboring disciplines of pathology, serology, and psychiatry. SN - 1433-0407 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/36197481/["…without_a_visible_sign_of_protest_or_at_least_solidarity_from_colleagues":_the_expulsion_of_neuroscientists_from_Hamburg]_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -